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AbstractEighty years ago, Edwin H. Sutherland conceptualized and defined white‐collar crime. In this article, I engage retrospectively with Sutherland's ideas and work to emphasize important aspects that continue to guide research today; to note where he was prescient as well as shortsighted. I center this discussion around "corporate crime" or crimes by business. Four main themes are discussed: 1) law and official responses to corporate offending—the data problem, 2) corporate crime and the life cycle of organizations, 3) psychological and trait‐based explanations, and 4) consequences of definitional ambiguity.

White-collar crime is one of the least understood and arguably most consequential of all crime types. This review highlights and assesses recent (primarily during the past decade) contributions to white-collar crime theory (with special emphasis on critical, choice, and organizational theories of offending), new evidence regarding the sentencing and punishment of white-collar offenders, and controversies surrounding crime prevention and control policies. Several promising new directions for white-collar crime research are identified, as are methodological and data deficiencies that limit progress.

During the past decade, criminological research has targeted gender as an important discriminator of criminal participation and persistence. Yet, the research question too often contrasts the criminality of males and females without taking into account key differences among female populations. In this paper, race and class combine to produce uniquely situated populations of females (e.g., "underclass" black females) who, when compared with their gender and racial counterparts, also appear to have unique patterns of criminality. Using the extant literature, black female violent crime is juxtaposed against that of white females and black males in order to show how crime varies across groups and the potential sources of those differences. Three theoretical perspectives (neo‐Marxian, powercontrol, and socialist‐feminist theory) are reviewed and evaluated for their intragender/racial inclusivity. Directions for further empirical research and theoretical development are suggested.Class‐oppressed men, whether they are white or black, have privileges afforded them as men in a sexist society. Similarly, class‐oppressed whites, whether they are men or women, have privileges afforded them as whites in racist society… . Those who are poor, black, and female have all the forces of classism, racism, and sexism bearing down on them (Mantsios, 1988:66–67).

Feminist research has expanded beyond its origins in Women's Studies to influence the more traditionally bounded academic disciplines. Criminology has not been immune to these excursions. This paper presents an overview of feminist theory/methods and its applications within select areas of crime and justice studies. Points of intra‐theoretical divergence as well as directions for future feminist contributions are noted.

"Over the last few decades, interest in white-collar crime has tended to take a back seat to ""street"" offenses in terms of theory and research. In response, and reflecting the rising general interest in business and middle/ upper class lawbreaking, The Criminology of White-Collar Crime brings the study of white-collar offending back into the criminology mainstream, analyzing why members of higher social strata resort to criminal activity and offering psychosocial, life course, methodological, and prevention perspectives. Leading scholars expand on the pioneering work of Edwin Sutherland, delving into the variables, situations, and cultural contexts that differentiate white-collar crime from more traditional criminal areas as well as into those that coincide with them. This book asks not only how the study of white-collar crime can enrich our understanding of crime and justice more generally, but also how criminological advances over the last few decades can enhance our understanding of white-collar criminality. To that end, the volume brings together a distinguished group of criminologists, drawn from leaders in the study of white-collar crime as well as important scholars that have advanced criminology more generally and that turn their attention to the problem of white-collar crime for this book."

Theories that examine the relationship between inequality and crime typically privilege one system of stratification over others. In criminology, the system most often assumed to be primary is social class, but other approaches may emphasize gender or racial oppression to account for observed differences in offending patterns. Few, however, systematically link gender and race oppression as moderating etiological variables in the study of crime. From the theoretical and empirical literature on this subject, we discuss (1) how "hegemonic" masculinities and femininities are framed within social institutions such as work, the family, peer group, and schools; (2) how "doing gender" within these sites is modified by race; and (3) anticipated relationships among social structure, social action, and delinquency. Self‐report data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to test research hypotheses. Chow interaction tests and comparisons of slope coefficients reveal that gender and race modify independent‐variable effects on property and violent delinquency.