Suchergebnisse

Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes are the two most marginalized sections of Indian society that suffered discrimination through the ages. The government of India since independence has adopted various policy measures to remove the atrocities and discrimination against them. The present study attempts to understand whether or not the Scheduled Castes in rural Punjab continue to suffer from economic discrimination on account of their social attribute—caste—even after seven decades of independence. The nature of caste-based economic discrimination in the labour market of rural Punjab is examined using NSSO's employment-unemployment data. The analyses support the existence of differences in occupational choices and wage differential among the caste groups. The SC households earn relatively low wages than the non-SC in rural Punjab. The SC workers are engaged in low-status and low-rewarding traditional caste occupations. The probability of SC workers choosing casual work is relatively greater than that of non-SC workers in rural Punjab.

Education enables the growth and development of nations and individuals through multiple channels. However, everyone may not have access to education in general and to quality education in particular. This article is a modest attempt to explore the issue of caste-based premarket discrimination in rural Punjab. Caste-wise differences in access to education are analysed using the primary survey data collected in 2015–2016 from 12 villages spread across three districts— Bathinda, Jalandhar and Rupnagar—of Punjab. The analyses show that Scheduled Castes (SC) lack access to education facilities. Compared to the non-SC, a significantly larger proportion of the SC is found illiterate. It is observed that almost, at every level of education the percentage of SC possessing that level of qualification is lesser than that of the non-SC. The females are facing dual discrimination as their access to education is relatively poor in general and poorest for females belonging to the SC community in particular. Caste consciousness among the students is observed in case of their close friendship relations with peer group and seating preferences in the class.

E-governance practices are going through a transitional phase in developing societies like India. However, several impediments restrict them from becoming an effective means of interaction between government and citizens. The present study is an attempt to comprehend the citizens' attitude and their level of readiness to accept the e-governance practices in online service delivery in the state of Punjab in India. It is based on the field survey of various SUWIDHA Kendras (now called Sewa Kendras Type I) in Punjab, where a sample of 240 users was covered with the help of interview schedule and observations. One district from each of the three regions of Punjab was selected randomly: Tarn Taran of Majha, Sangrur of Malwa and Hoshiarpur of Doaba. The results of this study show that the usage of e-governance practices as a popular medium is seriously limited by the public attitude. The main reasons are deficient e-governance infrastructure and apathetic public due to lack of computer literacy/e-readiness. The study establishes that, in order to implement e-governance successfully, not only a developed infrastructure but also behavioural changes in citizenry are required in developing societies.

The word "Strategy "comes from Greek word, Strategies which means a "general". At that time, strategy, literally meant, the art and science of directing military Focus. The term strategy is used in business to describe how an organisation is going to achieve its objective and mission. Most of the business organisations have several options for accomplishing their goal marketing strategy is also one of them. Strategy also include the determination and evaluation of alternative paths to achieve the objectives. Focus of the present work is to discover or examine how marketing strategies enable producing business firms dealing in Electronic goods in Punjab can achieve their targets or objectives and what are the needs ,wants, interest, perceptions and behaviours of customers threats. It further interest to know how customer purchase, Televisions, Refrigerators, Room air conditioners, ceiling and Table fans, washing machines, geasures, Electronic goods used in kitchens etc. These electronic goods reflect the economic and behaviour pattern of the consumers. Researcheris of the view that these electronic goods are very much relevant to the consumers of Punjab and they show keen interest to buy them. Prime objective of the study is to measure the impact of marketing strategies on the buying pattern/behaviour of consumers of Punjab of these electronic goods. Marketing begins much before the production of goods and services and continues even after the sale.

The present study attempts to explore gender-based gaps in access to quality healthcare at the pan-India level. To undertake our analyses using National Sample Survey Office's secondary data, we prepared a Gender Parity Index to understand the nature and extent of gender differential in access and direct utilization of quality healthcare services. The results validate the proposed objective of the study, that is, females suffer from innate accessibility gaps in rural as well as urban India. Females not only lack access to general healthcare but are also devoid of quality healthcare. Males, often, have better access to general healthcare through private hospitals and clinics in conjunction with other sources. On the other hand, females are predominantly confined to the government and charitable medical institutions. Additionally, the results show that the brunt of these gaps in healthcare is borne relatively more by rural females than their urban female counterparts.

INTRODUCTION: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals is substantially challenged due to disease, opportunistic infections, lifelong commitment, and tolerability to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and various social, physical, and psychological domains. AIM: This study was conducted to assess the magnitude of the impact on HRQOL in HIV-positive people from early access to ART. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This was a randomized, prospective, open-label study, conducted at the ART center attached to the Government Medical College, Amritsar. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study comprised 240 HIV-infected adults in the age group >18 years who presented to the ART center. Approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee was obtained. Informed consent was taken from all the enrolled participants after explaining the study therapy and its benefits and side effects. Patients who presented early in their course of disease and had baseline CD4 count ≥350/mm(3) were recruited in early arm and those with <350/mm(3) or the development of symptomatic HIV-related disease in the late arm. Following stratification, both groups were 1:1 randomized by permuted block randomization. The primary objective was to assess HRQOL using the World Health Organization Quality of Life-HIV brief instrument (WHOQOL-HIV). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The summary domain and total HRQOL scores were calculated using method developed by the WHOQOL-HIV group. Unpaired t-test was applied for statistical analysis, with level of significance expressed as P < 0.05. RESULTS: Out of the total 240 HIV-positive patients, 120 who met eligibility criteria were recruited for the final analysis. There was a significant difference between HRQOL score of Physical domains and Psychological domains, between early and late arms at baseline and at the end of 9 months. CONCLUSIONS: Quality of life is an important holistic measure for assessing the health of people living with HIV/AIDS.

The enlarged number of farmer suicides can be understood in the context of rising distress in agriculture of the state. The number of farmer suicides in Punjab is recognized as the changing agricultural relations. During 2015-16, Malwa region of farmers is forced to choose this option as the failure of cotton crop put them under heavy stress. The most vulnerable districts of this region are Bathinda, Mansa and Talwandi Sabo from cotton crop failure crisis. However, the study area was confined to those villages of Bathinda district where the farmers committed suicides due to cotton crop failure in 2015-16. It tries to analyze the number of farmer suicides, the reasons behind suicides and also the present economic status of the families of the victims. The economic position of such families with respect to their capacity to cope with economic distress due to crop failure was very miserable.Due to very low productivity and higher cost of production, the net returns of the cotton crops were found negative. Despite additional income from 'leased in' activities, farmer's indebtedness considerably increased due to the failure of the cotton crop. Because of the crop failure farmer would never again be able to manage the loss unless they sell off his landed property. In the case of indebtedness, the marginal, and small farmers are in more critical position. Also, the landless farmer, who does not own land, bears more burden in real terms. The children had dropped out from schools, land and other assets sold for living, family members suffered depression in a large number of cases. There was almost no state or social support for such families. These families demands one time financial support in the form of money or long time support in the form of pension or employment for the member of the victim's family and free access to educational and health facilities. Government of Punjab announced a relief of Rs 2 lakh for such families. This paper also analyzes the role of media and role of Kisan Union in reporting on farmer's suicide.

AbstractThe obsession with fair skin in India has prompted the Ministry of Health and Welfare to propose an amendment in the Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act of 1954. This amendment proposes to impose a ban on advertisements promoting skin‐fairness products. However, with the proposed amendment, companies have adopted innovative strategies to rebrand their products and shift the spotlight from fair skin to glowing skin. Yet, the underlying message remains the same. The burgeoning growth of skin‐whitening creams in India calls for urgent attention to study the Indian consumers' motivations to purchase these products. The research study utilises self‐determination theory (SDT) to develop a grounded framework. The study results highlighted that intrinsic motivation and the two types of extrinsic motivation, namely, introjected regulation and external regulation, were positively associated with consumer buying behaviour. Surprisingly, attitude has no association with consumer buying behaviour. The results of the first moderator gender suggested that females are under social pressure to look fair for better jobs and marital prospects. The second moderator country of origin revealed that Indian consumers prefer foreign brands compared to Indian brands.

India is home to over one-third of all undernourished children worldwide, and it ranks 94th out of 107 nations in the Global Hunger Index 2020. Instability in production and market risks make agriculture a risky business and directly affect farmers' income levels, thereby impacting food security. This review aimed to understand various features of different crop insurance policies in India and to analyze the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana's (PMFBY) impacts on Indian farmers. A literature search was performed in all popular databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, AGRICOLA, AGRIS, and Google search engines, as well as annual Indian government reports. The keywords "Crop Insurance" OR "Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana" OR "National Agriculture Schemes" AND "India" were searched to obtain relevant articles. By using cumulative data, we conducted a multiple regression analysis and a model was developed to estimate the effects of insurance characteristics on farmer coverage for the years 2017–2018 and 2018–2019. Agricultural insurance coverage under PMFBY remained low in terms of the number of farmers insured, the area insured, claims paid, and total farmers benefited. Compared to other schemes, the beneficiary and claim premium ratios were substantially lower under the PMFBY. The multiple regression analysis showed that farmers' premiums have a significant effect on the number of farmers insured over time, although the subsidies do not have a significant influence in farmers' insurance participation. Delays in claim settlement, the complexity of the system, and a lack of awareness among farmers are the major weaknesses of the PMFBY. Greater use of digital media could help spread awareness of these schemes among farmers.

India is home to over one-third of all undernourished children worldwide, and it ranks 94th out of 107 nations in the Global Hunger Index 2020. Instability in production and market risks make agriculture a risky business and directly affect farmers' income levels, thereby impacting food security. This review aimed to understand various features of different crop insurance policies in India and to analyze the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana's (PMFBY) impacts on Indian farmers. A literature search was performed in all popular databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, AGRICOLA, AGRIS, and Google search engines, as well as annual Indian government reports. The keywords "Crop Insurance" OR "Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana" OR "National Agriculture Schemes" AND "India" were searched to obtain relevant articles. By using cumulative data, we conducted a multiple regression analysis and a model was developed to estimate the effects of insurance characteristics on farmer coverage for the years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. Agricultural insurance coverage under PMFBY remained low in terms of the number of farmers insured, the area insured, claims paid, and total farmers benefited. Compared to other schemes, the beneficiary and claim premium ratios were substantially lower under the PMFBY. The multiple regression analysis showed that farmers' premiums have a significant effect on the number of farmers insured over time, although the subsidies do not have a significant influence in farmers' insurance participation. Delays in claim settlement, the complexity of the system, and a lack of awareness among farmers are the major weaknesses of the PMFBY. Greater use of digital media could help spread awareness of these schemes among farmers.