Suchergebnisse

The pastoral Gaddi tribes of Himachal Pradesh were studied in four blocks of Kangara district. As many as 93% of the households in the sample had access to piped drinking water, 92% had electricity, and more than 90% were connected by roads. TV sets, newspapers and telephones were largely found in well to do families. The male literacy rate was found to be 80% and the female literacy rate, 63%. Women of this community are highly empowered; they express themselves freely, and 90% spend money or go to receive health services without the permission of their men folk. Only 9% of the households were landless. 63.5% were marginal holders. Though size of holdings is small, it was found to promote food security. It was also found that sub tribes like the Gaddi Rajputs, Gaddi Kapoors and Gaddi Bhatts had larger holdings than other sub tribes, notably Gaddi SCs. Likewise poverty was found to be higher among the SC Gaddis as compared to the non SC Gaddis.

The present work deals with the investigations on the joint efficiency and the joint stiffness of the single lap bolt joint made of two dimensional woven glass fibre reinforced composite materials. The effect of joint geometry, bolt pretension and washer has been determined on the bolt joint performance. To estimate the effect of geometric parameters; the edge-to-hole diameter (e/d) and width-to-hole diameter (w/d) ratios are varied from 3 to 4 and 3 to 5, respectively. To study the worst loading conditions; the bolt pre-tension is set to zero, whereas 5 Nm torque is applied to investigate the joint in fully clamped conditions. Two different sizes of washer i.e., the outer diameter of 12 mm and 16 mm have been studied to estimate the effect of the washer on failure load, joint stiffness, and joint efficiency. Progressive damage analysis has been performed on the single lap bolt joint. Characteristic curve method along with Tsai-Wu failure criteria has been used for the prediction of the failure loads and failure modes. The joint stiffness and the failure load of the joint are increased with the increase of w/d ratios. However, the joint efficiency was negatively influenced by w/d ratio.

The present study deals with the failure analysis of pin joints by varying different geometric parameters i.e., edge distance to hole diameter (E/D) ratio and width to hole diameter (W/D) ratio. Pin joints were prepared from the glass fiber reinforced laminates incorporating the metal inserts. A range of 2 to 5 and 3 to 6 was considered for E/D and W/D ratios, respectively. The stress around the hole was redistributed by incorporating the metal inserts in the hole to increase the load carrying capacity. To predict the failure loads and failure modes numerically, progressive damage analysis along with Hashin failure criteria was used in the pin joints. Strength of the pin joints increased in the range of 65 per cent to 92 per cent with metal insert due to the redistribution of the stresses around the hole. Progressive damage analysis gave a good correlation with experimental findings. Thereafter, the strength of the joint was predicted by varying the thickness of the metal inserts.