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The present work evaluated the success of maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) by a new and simplified technique in management of minimally displaced mandibular fractures. A total of 20 patients who sustained various types of mandibular fractures were treated at the Government Dental College, Rohtak, India by a new MMF technique. The patients were evaluated by preoperative and postoperative radiography, and clinical testing was performed to assess the degree of tooth mobility adjacent to the site of MMF. The time required for MMF was also noted. Patient recovery was uneventful in all 20 cases, and the period of MMF ranged from 2 to 4 weeks (mean 21 days). The outcome was good. The mean time for performing MMF was 12 minutes (range, 10 to 15 minutes). It is a simple, quick, economical, and minimally invasive technique. Its mechanical principle provides an advantage in preventing postoperative periodontal problems.

Poultry farming is integral part of agriculture in Nepal. The objective of this research was to analyze the prevailing production constraints, characterization of poultry farming and its economic analysis using questionnaire-based survey and on-site investigation. 180 farms were selected from 3 major districts. Garrett's ranking technique was used to analyze the constraints. Highly significant difference (P<0.01) in size of poultry farm was found. We found significant difference in feeding, housing and drinking system for the chicken. Un-organized chicken marketing channel was observed in the study area. High chicks' mortality, wastage of feed, insecure vaccination and frequent drop in egg production were characteristic of laying hens. Newcastle disease and Chronic Respiratory Disease were acknowledged as the biggest constraint of chicken production. Government and concerned agencies need to take active part for the extension service to strengthen the health of chicken and organized marketing channel is essential for selling of poultry products which can improve the profit to the farmers.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(2): 222-226

Front cover -- Half title -- Full title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 - An overview of human health risk from opium alkaloids and related pharmaceutical products pollution in aquati ... -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Opium and alkaloid-based industries -- 1.2.1 Health effects of opium -- 1.2.1.1 Oxidative stress -- 1.2.1.2 Increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 -- 1.2.1.3 Decreased plasma adiponectin -- 1.2.1.4 Deficiency of testosterone and estrogen -- 1.2.1.5 Hyperprolactinemia -- 1.2.1.6 Insulin resistance -- 1.2.2 Addiction due to psychoactive drugs -- 1.2.3 Extraction of opium from poppy -- 1.2.4 Characteristics of opium alkaloid wastewater -- 1.2.5 Government opium and alkaloid factories -- 1.2.5.1 Products of the factory -- 1.3 Active pharmaceutical ingredients -- 1.4 Impacts of pharmaceutical products on aquatic ecosystem -- 1.5 Effects of various opium alkaloids on human health -- 1.6 Treatment approach -- 1.6.1 Physicochemical treatment -- 1.6.2 Biological treatment -- 1.6.2.1 Aerobic treatment -- 1.6.2.2 Anaerobic treatment -- 1.6.3 Membrane separation -- 1.6.4 Fenton's oxidation -- 1.7 Concluding remarks -- Conflict of Interest -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 2 - Impact of pharmaceuticals and antibiotics waste on the river ecosystem: a growing threat -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Pharmaceuticals and antibiotics waste -- 2.3 Rules and regulations for surveillance of pharmaceuticals and antibiotics in water ecosystem -- 2.4 Sources of pharmaceuticals and antibiotics in water ecosystem -- 2.5 Impact of pharmaceuticals and antibiotics on aquatic ecosystem -- 2.5.1 Impact on freshwater system -- 2.5.2 Probable environmental impact of pharmaceuticals via behavioral changes -- 2.5.3 Bioaccumulation -- 2.5.4 Chronic effects on human health.

<p class="p1">Activated carbon fabric or fiber (ACF) is a novel carbonaceous material with exceptionally high adsorption rate and larger adsorption capacity, that has emerged as a rising star in the field of adsorbents. ACF has many advantages over other commercial porous storage materials such as granular activated carbon and powdered activated carbon in terms of adsorption capacity, well defined microporous structure, stability, flexibility and ease of lamination to various substrates. In the last few years, activated carbon fabrics have gained greater choice of interest for use as an adsorbent material in several fields including nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) protection suit. Viscose rayon, acetate, polyacrylonitrile, pitch, and phenolic based materials are mainly used as precursors for preparation of ACF. ACF or fibres are generally prepared by process comprising stabilisation, carbonisation and activation of precursors. Reviews recent advances and developments in the field of ACF and their utility as an adsorbent material in various fields including NBC scenario. ACF with unmatchable pore structure and surface characteristics at present, with continued innovations and attention to its key challenges, it is expected that ACF will play a pivotal role in diverse environmental, defence<em>, </em>and civil applications.</p>

An improved non-aqueous decontaminant has been explored against chemical warfare agents sulfur mustard (HD) and soman (GB). This decontaminant comprises of 2-aminoethanol (30% w/v), dimethylamino ethanol (42% w/v), sodium hydroxide (2% w/v), benzotriazole (1% w/v), and dimethyl sulfoxide (25 %) and it chemically degraded more than 99 % of sulfur mustard and soman within a time of 45 min at -35°C. It was found to be effective over a broad range of temperatures from -35 to +55°C without losing its efficacy even at sub zero temperatures. This decontaminant exhibited decontamination ratio of V[Detoxicant]/V[HD, GD] 50 or 5 while a recently reported one exhibited a ratio of 100 or 2 against HD or GD respectively. Although, this ratio decreased slightly in the case of GD, it is sufficient enough for complete decontamination. This improved decontaminant meets all the military requirements and promise its field application in near future.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory disorders are important contributors to disease burden across the world. The aim is to assess the proportionate burden of types of respiratory diseases and their seasonal patterns in India we are performing a field study. The present report describes methodological aspects of a respiratory disease point prevalence survey from India. METHODS: A total of 4108 chest physicians were invited. Acceptance was received from 420 sites. Chest physicians were classified according to location of practice one as medical college, district government hospital, private hospital, and private clinics. Qualifications of practicing chest physicians were postgraduate in chest medicine, including Doctorate of Medicine (68.4%), diploma in chest medicine (22.1%), and Postgraduate in Medicine (9.5%). The study questionnaire was designed to record demographic data, comorbidities, risk factors, and respiratory conditions based on ICD-10. RESULTS: A total of 366 sites provided baseline data, and the response rate of recruitment of the study sites was 8.9% in the baseline phase. However, government and private medical colleges, as well as government and private hospitals across India, were part of recruitment of respiratory patients for this survey. CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to conduct a large multisite study to assess respiratory disease burden. Challenges include low response rate and logistic issues.

Technological advancements in the field of chemical threat have made it possible to create extremely dangerous chemical warfare agents (CWA). Hence, the effective protection of personnel is very important in a chemical warfare scenario amidst the current climate of terrorism awareness. In particular, body protection plays a substantial role in the chemical defence considering the urgency of situation in the nuclear, biological and chemical environment. Activated carbon spheres (ACS) based permeable chemical protective clothing (coverall) was developed for protection against CWA. The adsorbent material i.e, ACS used in this protective clothing provided higher adsorption capacity (1029 mg/g in terms of iodine) and low thermal burden (34 °C WBGT index) compared to earlier indigenously developed NBC suit. This article focuses on the extensive evaluation of chemical protective clothing against sulfur mustard (HD), a CWA. The results revealed that the developed protective clothing provided more than 24 h protection against HD. This chemical protective suit is light weight (< 2.75 kg for XL size). It also has higher air permeability (> 30 cm3/s/cm2) as well as less water vapour resistance (< 9.6 m2Pa/W). With continued innovations in materials and attention to key challenges it is expected that advanced, multifunction chemical protective suit will play a pivotal role in the CWA protection scenario.

Background - The scale-up of tobacco control, especially after the adoption of the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, is a major public health success story. Nonetheless, smoking remains a leading risk for early death and disability worldwide, and therefore continues to require sustained political commitment. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) offers a robust platform through which global, regional, and national progress toward achieving smoking-related targets can be assessed. Methods - We synthesised 2818 data sources with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and produced estimates of daily smoking prevalence by sex, age group, and year for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We analysed 38 risk-outcome pairs to generate estimates of smoking-attributable mortality and disease burden, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We then performed a cohort analysis of smoking prevalence by birth-year cohort to better understand temporal age patterns in smoking. We also did a decomposition analysis, in which we parsed out changes in all-cause smoking-attributable DALYs due to changes in population growth, population ageing, smoking prevalence, and risk-deleted DALY rates. Finally, we explored results by level of development using the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings - Worldwide, the age-standardised prevalence of daily smoking was 25·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24·2–25·7) for men and 5·4% (5·1–5·7) for women, representing 28·4% (25·8–31·1) and 34·4% (29·4–38·6) reductions, respectively, since 1990. A greater percentage of countries and territories achieved significant annualised rates of decline in smoking prevalence from 1990 to 2005 than in between 2005 and 2015; however, only four countries had significant annualised increases in smoking prevalence between 2005 and 2015 (Congo [Brazzaville] and Azerbaijan for men and Kuwait and Timor-Leste for women). In 2015, 11·5% of global deaths (6·4 million [95% UI 5·7–7·0 million]) were attributable to smoking worldwide, of which 52·2% took place in four countries (China, India, the USA, and Russia). Smoking was ranked among the five leading risk factors by DALYs in 109 countries and territories in 2015, rising from 88 geographies in 1990. In terms of birth cohorts, male smoking prevalence followed similar age patterns across levels of SDI, whereas much more heterogeneity was found in age patterns for female smokers by level of development. While smoking prevalence and risk-deleted DALY rates mostly decreased by sex and SDI quintile, population growth, population ageing, or a combination of both, drove rises in overall smoking-attributable DALYs in low-SDI to middle-SDI geographies between 2005 and 2015. Interpretation - The pace of progress in reducing smoking prevalence has been heterogeneous across geographies, development status, and sex, and as highlighted by more recent trends, maintaining past rates of decline should not be taken for granted, especially in women and in low-SDI to middle-SDI countries. Beyond the effect of the tobacco industry and societal mores, a crucial challenge facing tobacco control initiatives is that demographic forces are poised to heighten smoking's global toll, unless progress in preventing initiation and promoting cessation can be substantially accelerated. Greater success in tobacco control is possible but requires effective, comprehensive, and adequately implemented and enforced policies, which might in turn require global and national levels of political commitment beyond what has been achieved during the past 25 years.