Suchergebnisse

The paper focuses on how patterns and modes of global
interdependence combined with the privatisation of risk, influence human
development. International finance plays an important developmental
role. However, the privatisation of risk, a result of increasingly
unregulated and liberalised financial markets, tend to create
speculative activities with major negative systemic effects that hinder
positive human development, especially in the developing countries.
However, sustainable human development requires more than financial
stability. Internally oriented socioeconomic and political reforms
(IOSR) are essential for the developing countries, especially in the
present phase of their demographic transition. Such reforms could
provide both resilience and adaptive capacity for societies to cope in
an environment of increased interdependence, the article
concludes.

"The contemporary Muslim world is still emerging from the long
night of colonial hegemony: a period during which the key institutions
of Muslim society were supplanted and substituted, the moral fibre of
society was destroyed, and an 'unrepresentative' leadership was groomed
to power, producing the most serious schism within Muslim society. The
Muslim society of today i.l' not yet a society on its own. It is still
under the shadow (~f the Western system and, as such, it is doubtful how
'representative' of the Islamic ethos its current behaviour can be."
[Ahmad (1994), p. xiv, emphasis added).

Changes in stable socio-demographic systems, barring
environmental accidents have occurred when major new production
technologies are widely adopted and socially institutionalized. In most
instances, this process of change is associated with a high degree of
specialization and through it with the opening up of local markets and
their integration into the wider regional and international system of
trade and exchange. It must be emphasized that major technological
changes are but one facet, albeit a central one, in the development of
our ever-evolving technological civilization. But as major new
"production technologies" take hold, a new system of human settlements
and social relations evolves which is in harmony with the new wave of
emerging "techniques".

Recent Middle Eastern migration has created new challenges to
both labour-importing and labour-exporting countries. A main concern of
the labour importing countries is demo-economic in nature: how to
achieve a desired rate of economic growth without creating an adverse
balance between expatriate and national populations. The first part of
the paper attempts to provide a conceptual frame for such policy
analysis illustrated by the case of Kuwait. The second part examines
some negative externalities of recent farmers' emigration for Egyptian
agricultural productivity.

The objective of this paper could be phrased as follows: What
are the health consequences of changes in public fiscal and income
policies? This is an important question, especially in times where
programmes of macroeconomic structural adjustments are being implemented
in many developing countries. The health consequences of these policies
continue to be debated. Some argue that the main victims are mainly the
poor and the vulnerable [cf. Cornia et al. (1987) and (1988)]. Others
maintain that the longer term benefits will more than compensate for
short-term losses and that the real test is to compare with the
consequences of not making the adjustments. The conceptual and empirical
foundation of the debate seems to be less than satisfactory, however. It
is our view that to understand the health consequences of such policies
a careful examination of three issues are required: (a) the existing
pattern of disease; (b) the initial distributional structure (equity
pattern) of public policies; and (c) the behavioural response of
households in allocating resources towards health-promoting activities
given (a) and (b). Our approach is necessarily context specific. It is
in line with Streeten's (1988) conclusion that ..... the most important
general lesson that emerged was that there are no general lessons, and
that each case has to be treated separately and on its merits". Our
purpose is to provide an overall general framework that serves as a
guide to examine specific cases. For more detailed theoretical analysis,
see Diop (1990), and for an empirical application, see Diop and
Sirageldin (1990).

This paper analyses the impact of internal migration on
earnings within the human capital model framework. Since migrants
constitute a non-random sample of population, the endogenous nature of
migration decision warrants necessary correction for the selectivity
bias in their eamings function. The Mincer-type eamings model is thus
augmented to determine the extent of this bias. Besides estimating the
standard Mincerian eamings model, the paper also attempts to verify the
leam-as-you-go proposition by introducing migration duration variables
in the eamings model. Based on the household level Population, Labour
Force, and Migration (1979- 80) survey data, the analysis yields the
following important conclusions: (i) the data allowed a meaningful
estimation of Mincerian earnings function for migrants and non-migrants;
(ii) the level of schooling was one of the important determinants of the
distribution of income both for migrants and non-migrants-the four
categorical variables of education were in general statistically
significant with expected signs, implying that the hypothesis of a
positive relationship between income and education was accepted; (iii)
the rates of return to education improved systematically with higher
levels of education, thus confirming the notion that education serves as
a signalling device; (iv) the age-income profile was almost linear for
migrants but showed concavity for non-migrants; (v) the presence of
sample-selection was observed for migrants; and (vi) even after
controlling for the influence of personal characteristics, i.e.,
education and experience, the long-standing migrants eamed relatively
more at the destination than the more recent migrants.

Why do factors of production, especially the labour, migrate
from one region or sector to another? This question, which remains
fundamental to economic and human resource development, has been a major
topic among researchers. While considerable progress has been made in
developing a theoretical model of migration, the empirical verification
of this model using individual level data has remained unresolved. With
the availability of Population, Labour Force, and Migration (PLM) Survey
data, this paper attempts to develop a model of internal migration in
Pakistan, to serve as a guiding paradigm to write down a model for
meaningful estimation. Keeping in line with the literature, three types
of variables have been identified as the possible determinants of
migration. These variables relate to the possession of human capital,
commitment to job and place of residence, and cost-related factors.
After controlling for other variables, it was observed that, in general,
migrants were selective especially in terms of age, education, and
choice of occupation. These findings are consistent with the evidence
from other developing countries.

Results from a 1972 follow-up sample of never-married Fs from the 1971 Survey of Young Women (N =3,687 Rs aged 15-19, of whom 1,145 were blacks) indicate racial differences in the effects of the perceived costs & benefits of marrying & heterosexual involvement on early marriage. These differences may result from variations in marital prospects & in educational & career opportunities. 1 Table. Modified HA.