Suchergebnisse

Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious pathogen that colonizes implants (orthopedic and breast implants) and wounds with a vicious resistance to antibiotic therapy. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a catastrophe mainly restricted to hospitals and emerged to community reservoirs, acquiring resistance and forming biofilms. Treating biofilms is problematic except via implant removal or wound debridement. Nanoparticles (NPs) and nanofibers could combat superbugs and biofilms and rapidly diagnose MRSA. Nanotheranostics combine diagnostics and therapeutics into a single agent. This comprehensive review is interpretative, utilizing mainly recent literature (since 2016) besides the older remarkable studies sourced via Google Scholar and PubMed. We unravel the molecular S. aureus resistance and complex biofilm. The diagnostic properties and detailed antibacterial and antibiofilm NP mechanisms are elucidated in exciting stories. We highlight the challenges of bacterial infections nanotheranostics. Finally, we discuss the literature and provide "three action appraisals". (i) The first appraisal consists of preventive actions (two wings), avoiding unnecessary hospital visits, hand hygiene, and legislations against over-the-counter antibiotics as the general preventive wing. Our second recommended preventive wing includes preventing the adverse side effects of the NPs from resistance and toxicity by establishing standard testing procedures. These standard procedures should provide breakpoints of bacteria's susceptibility to NPs and a thorough toxicological examination of every single batch of synthesized NPs. (ii) The second appraisal includes theranostic actions, using nanotheranostics to diagnose and treat MRSA, such as what we call "multifunctional theranostic nanofibers. (iii) The third action appraisal consists of collaborative actions. ; Peer reviewed

Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious pathogen that colonizes implants (orthopedic and breast implants) and wounds with a vicious resistance to antibiotic therapy. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a catastrophe mainly restricted to hospitals and emerged to community reservoirs, acquiring resistance and forming biofilms. Treating biofilms is problematic except via implant removal or wound debridement. Nanoparticles (NPs) and nanofibers could combat superbugs and biofilms and rapidly diagnose MRSA. Nanotheranostics combine diagnostics and therapeutics into a single agent. This comprehensive review is interpretative, utilizing mainly recent literature (since 2016) besides the older remarkable studies sourced via Google Scholar and PubMed. We unravel the molecular S. aureus resistance and complex biofilm. The diagnostic properties and detailed antibacterial and antibiofilm NP mechanisms are elucidated in exciting stories. We highlight the challenges of bacterial infections nanotheranostics. Finally, we discuss the literature and provide "three action appraisals". (i) The first appraisal consists of preventive actions (two wings), avoiding unnecessary hospital visits, hand hygiene, and legislations against over-the-counter antibiotics as the general preventive wing. Our second recommended preventive wing includes preventing the adverse side effects of the NPs from resistance and toxicity by establishing standard testing procedures. These standard procedures should provide breakpoints of bacteria's susceptibility to NPs and a thorough toxicological examination of every single batch of synthesized NPs. (ii) The second appraisal includes theranostic actions, using nanotheranostics to diagnose and treat MRSA, such as what we call "multifunctional theranostic nanofibers. (iii) The third action appraisal consists of collaborative actions.

Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious pathogen that colonizes implants (orthopedic and breast implants) and wounds with a vicious resistance to antibiotic therapy. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a catastrophe mainly restricted to hospitals and emerged to community reservoirs, acquiring resistance and forming biofilms. Treating biofilms is problematic except via implant removal or wound debridement. Nanoparticles (NPs) and nanofibers could combat superbugs and biofilms and rapidly diagnose MRSA. Nanotheranostics combine diagnostics and therapeutics into a single agent. This comprehensive review is interpretative, utilizing mainly recent literature (since 2016) besides the older remarkable studies sourced via Google Scholar and PubMed. We unravel the molecular S. aureus resistance and complex biofilm. The diagnostic properties and detailed antibacterial and antibiofilm NP mechanisms are elucidated in exciting stories. We highlight the challenges of bacterial infections nanotheranostics. Finally, we discuss the literature and provide "three action appraisals". (i) The first appraisal consists of preventive actions (two wings), avoiding unnecessary hospital visits, hand hygiene, and legislations against over-the-counter antibiotics as the general preventive wing. Our second recommended preventive wing includes preventing the adverse side effects of the NPs from resistance and toxicity by establishing standard testing procedures. These standard procedures should provide breakpoints of bacteria's susceptibility to NPs and a thorough toxicological examination of every single batch of synthesized NPs. (ii) The second appraisal includes theranostic actions, using nanotheranostics to diagnose and treat MRSA, such as what we call "multifunctional theranostic nanofibers. (iii) The third action appraisal consists of collaborative actions.

In last five years, the Africa has faced two outbreaks of Zaire ebolavirus. These outbreaks have been the largest so far, and latest outbreak is still ongoing and affecting the Democratic Republic of the Congo. We tested in parallel three different Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) realtime RT-PCRs targeting the nucleoprotein gene (EBOV NP-RT-qPCRs) described by Trombley et al. (2010), Huang et al. (2012) and Weidmann et al. (2004). These assays are used regularly in diagnostic laboratories. The limit of detection (LOD), intra-assay repeatability using different matrixes, sensitivity and specificity were determined. In addition, the primers and probes were aligned with the sequences available in ongoing and past outbreaks in order to check the mismatches. The specificity of all three EBOV NP-RT-qPCRs were excellent (100%), and LODs were under or 10 copies per PCR reaction. Intra-assay repeatability was good in all assays, however the Ct-values were bit higher using the EDTA-blood based matrix. All of the primers and probes in EBOV NP-RTqPCR assays have one or more mismatches in the probes and primers when the 2267 Zaire EBOV NP sequences, including strains Ituri from DRC outbreak (year 2018), was aligned. The EBOV strain of Bikoro (year 2018) circulating in DRC was 100% match in Trombley and Weidmann assay, but had one mismatch in Huang assay.

In last five years, the Africa has faced two outbreaks of Zaire ebolavirus. These outbreaks have been the largest so far, and latest outbreak is still ongoing and affecting the Democratic Republic of the Congo. We tested in parallel three different Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) realtime RT-PCRs targeting the nucleoprotein gene (EBOV NP-RT-qPCRs) described by Trombley et al. (2010); Huang et al. (2012) and Weidmann et al. (2004). These assays are used regularly in diagnostic laboratories. The limit of detection (LOD), intra-assay repeatability using different matrixes, sensitivity and specificity were determined. In addition, the primers and probes were aligned with the sequences available in ongoing and past outbreaks in order to check the mismatches. The specificity of all three EBOV NP-RT-qPCRs were excellent (100 %), and LODs were under or 10 copies per PCR reaction. Intra-assay repeatability was good in all assays, however the Ct-values were bit higher using the EDTA-blood based matrix. All of the primers and probes in EBOV NP-RT-qPCR assays have one or more mismatches in the probes and primers when the 2267 Zaire EBOV NP sequences, including strains Ituri from DRC outbreak (year 2018), was aligned. The EBOV strain of Bikoro (year 2018) circulating in DRC was 100 % match in Trombley and Weidmann assay, but had one mismatch in Huang assay. ; Peer reviewed

Background: During the five decades since their discovery, filoviruses of four species have caused human hemorrhagic fever outbreaks: Marburg (MARV) marburgvirus, and Zaire (EBOV), Sudan (SUDV) and Bundybugyo (BDBV) ebolaviruses. The largest, devastating EBOV epidemic in West Africa in 2014-16, has been followed by outbreaks of MARV in Uganda, 2017, and EBOV in Democratic Republic of Congo, 2018, emphasizing the need to develop preparedness to diagnose all filoviruses. Objectives: The aim of this study was to optimize a new filovirus RT-qPCR to detect all filoviruses, define its limits of detection (LOD) and perform a field evaluation with outbreak samples. Study design: A pan-filovirus RT-qPCR targeting the L gene was developed and evaluated within the EbolaMoDRAD (Ebola virus: modern approaches for developing bedside rapid diagnostics) project. Specificity and sensitivity were determined and the effect of inactivation and PCR reagents (liquid and lyophilized format) were tested. Results: The LODs for the lyophilized pan-filovirus L-RT-qPCR assay were 9.4 copies per PCR reaction for EBOV, 9.9 for MARV, 1151 for SUDV, 65 for BDBV and 289 for Tai Forest virus. The test was set at the Pasteur Institute, Dakar, Senegal, and 83 Ebola patient samples, with viral load ranging from 5 to 5 million copies of EBOV per reaction, were screened. The results for the patient samples were in 100% concordance with the reference EBOVspecific assay. Discussion: Overall, the assay showed good sensitivity and specificity, covered all filoviruses known to be human pathogens, performed well both in lyophilized and liquid-phase formats and with EBOV outbreak clinical samples. ; Peer reviewed

Background During the five decades since their discovery, filoviruses of four species have caused human hemorrhagic fever outbreaks: Marburg (MARV) marburgvirus, and Zaire (EBOV), Sudan (SUDV) and Bundybugyo (BDBV) ebolaviruses. The largest, devastating EBOV epidemic in West Africa in 2014-16, has been followed by outbreaks of MARV in Uganda, 2017, and EBOV in Democratic Republic of Congo, 2018, emphasizing the need to develop preparedness to diagnose all filoviruses. Objectives The aim of this study was to optimize a new filovirus RT-qPCR to detect all filoviruses, define its limits of detection (LOD) and perform a field evaluation with outbreak samples. Study design A pan-filovirus RT-qPCR targeting the L gene was developed and evaluated within the EbolaMoDRAD (Ebola virus: modern approaches for developing bedside rapid diagnostics) project. Specificity and sensitivity were determined and the effect of inactivation and PCR reagents (liquid and lyophilized format) were tested. Results The LODs for the lyophilized pan-filovirus L-RT-qPCR assay were 9.4 copies per PCR reaction for EBOV, 9.9 for MARV, 1151 for SUDV, 65 for BDBV and 289 for Taï Forest virus. The test was set at the Pasteur Institute, Dakar, Senegal, and 83 Ebola patient samples, with viral load ranging from 5 to 5 million copies of EBOV per reaction, were screened. The results for the patient samples were in 100% concordance with the reference EBOV-specific assay. Discussion Overall, the assay showed good sensitivity and specificity, covered all filoviruses known to be human pathogens, performed well both in lyophilized and liquid-phase formats and with EBOV outbreak clinical samples.