Вплив науково-технічної революції на галузеву і територіальну структуру світового господарства ; Influence of the Scientific and Technological Revolution on the Sectoral and Territorial Structure of the World Economy
Геосистеми такого рівня як світове господарство є надзвичайно складними, оскільки являють собою взаємопов'язані структури ланцюгів прямого і зворотного зв'язку. Складним системам властиві специфічні (інколи неочікувані та незрозумілі) реакції – в цьому полягає основна причина невдач і навіть провалів різноманітних спроб поліпшити «поведінку» конк¬ретної геосистеми. Ця обставина робить географічні прогнози дуже складним завданням, але незважаючи на це автор статті намагається зафіксувати провідні тренди галузевої і територіальної структури сучасного світового господарства. Глобальна інформатизація суспільства є магістральним напрямом подальшого розвитку людської цивілізації. Провідними ознаками інформаційного суспільства є радикальне прискорення НТР, падіння ролі матеріального виробництва, пріоритет виробництва послуг над виробництвом товарів, провідна роль інформації у всіх сферах життя суспільства, перевага класу професійних фахівців і техніків, високий рівень організації управління, формування принципово нових технологічних укладів. ; Geosystems of such a level as the world economy are extremely complex, since they represent interconnected structures of direct and reverse nature. Complex systems are characterized by specific (sometimes unexpected and obscure) reactions, and this is the main reason for failures of various attempts to improve the "behavior" of a particular geosystem. This circumstance makes geographical forecasts a very difficult task, but despite this the author of the article tries to capture the leading trends of the sectoral and territorial structure of the modern world economy. In the world economy, the stage (evolutionary) and cyclic time may be distinguished. The world economy in its evolution passed a number of spatial-temporal stages of geographical selection, each of which corresponded to its "center" and its "periphery". The center forms the periphery around itself, attracts the main financial and trading flows, forms a holistic economic space. Then one center changes to another one, thus creating a spatial- temporal trajectory of the formation of a world economy. The modern spatial structure of the world economy is schematically described in a functional sense as "the center – semi-periphery - periphery", in the morphological as "North-South". The morphological model should not be opposed to the functional one, because the "center" is the North, and the "periphery" is the South. An important stabilizing role in the global economy is played by the "semi-periphery". The main stabilization agent is the emerging industrialized countries. The labor force of the highly developed countries of the "center" of the world economy is occupied mainly by informational activity. They create new technologies and produce new knowledge-intensive types of goods. In exchange for services and technology, they receive consumer goods and raw materials manufactured in peripheries and semi-peripheries at relatively low prices. Thus, the world economic system is formed, which is based on new principles of the international division of labor, new living standards and production resources. The level of socio-economic development of countries is determined not so much by natural resources and geographical conditions, but by the innovative activity and the level of usage of scientific and technical achievements in one or another sector of the economy. Nowadays the scientific-technical and intellectual potential has become the most important resource. Countries that have such a potential go to leading positions in the world economy, regardless of the availability or absence of other types of resources. The scientific and technological revolution (STR) is a fundamental qualitative transformation of productive forces, in which science becomes a direct productive force. As a result of the STR there are radical changes in the sectoral and territorial structures of the world economy. Rapid and ambiguous changes, provoked by the violent growth of technological and social progress, cause in society a so-called futureshock, which is a kind of psychological reaction to the events taking place in the modern world. The main features of the STR nowadays are universality and comprehensiveness, constant acceleration, radical change in the role of man in production processes, close connections with military production, etc. The main directions of improvement of production during STR are electronization, complex automation, accelerated development of nuclear energy, production of new materials, the use of biotechnology and cosmization. The main trend in changing the sectoral structure of the world economy is the transition from a high share in the gross domestic product (GDP) of agriculture to increasing the share of mining and manufacturing industries with technically simple production; then to capital and materialintensive industries, and in the future to high-tech industries and services. In the sectoral structure of the manufacturing industry there are changes in favor of sectors of the "avantgarde triplet", in the structure of agriculture in favor of cattle farming, among service industries the highest growth is in the information services sector. The change of "leaders" among factors ofplacement ofproduction in the world economy is as follows: "natural resource transport territorial concentration (agglomeration) ecological". Over the past decades, in highly developed post-industrial countries, the regular structure of the placement of individual industries has become increasingly important in the territorial structure of the economy.