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ABSTRACTLiberal democracy in the multicultural society provides practical consequences for the existence of ethnic political practices in local politic arena. This research aimedto found the canalization of ethnic politic in Makassar by using qualitative research method and actor-structural perspective, it emphasize on subjectivism, objectivism, and historical perspective.The units of analysis in this study were various actors who come from different ethnic backgrounds (Bugis, Makassar, Toraja, Mandar, and Chinese descent) in the city of Makassar, South Sulawesi. Data was collected by researchers through in-depth interviews, structured interviews, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with people from different backgrounds such as politicians, bureaucracy, academia, and NGO activists.Although the ethnic groups in Makassar have always shared the common value system, inter-ethnic relations are determined by three factors; the history of ethnicity, ethnic demographic structure, and dynamics of local politics based on ethnic. The three factors have various implications to the control of political and economic structure in the realm of ethnic politic. Thus, the result performed that is the pattern of political dynasty becomes an inevitable necessity.Keywords: Canalization, ethnic politic, Makassar, desentralizationABSTRAKPilihan demokrasi liberatif dalam masyarakat multikulturalisme memberikan konsekuensi hadirnya praktik-praktik politik etnik dalam arena politik lokal. Penelitian yang bertujuan menemukan pola kanalisasi politik etnik di Makassar ini menggunakan metode kualitatif berperspektif aktor-struktur dengan sifat penelitian subyektivisme, obyektivisme, dan historis. Unit analisis penelitian adalah aktor yang berasal dari latar belakang etnik berbeda (Bugis, Makassar, Toraja, Mandar, dan Cina) yang berdomisili di Makassar. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara mendalam, wawancara terstruktur, dan Focus Group Discussion (FGD) beragam profesi (politisi, birokrasi, akademisi, dan aktivis NGO). Terjadi pembauran kelompok etnik di Makassar dan siri' sebagai nilai-nilai bersama yang diakui etnik Bugis maupun Makassar, namun relasi antar etnisitas di arena politik lokal ditentukan tiga faktor, yaitu sejarah etnisitas, struktur demografi etnik, dan dinamika politik lokal berbasis etnik. Selanjutnya ketiga faktor tersebut, berimplikasi terhadap penguasaan struktur politik dan ekonomi dalam kerangka politik etnik. Alhasil, pola kedinastian di arena politik lokal menjadi keniscayaan yang tidakterhindarkan.Kata kunci: Kanalisasi, politik etnik, Makassar, desentralisasi

Efektivitas kelembagaan desa dalam praktik pemilihan kepala daerah dipengaruhi oleh empat faktor, yaitu faktor kelembagaan, faktor anggota kelembagaan, faktor sarana/fasilitas pendukung, dan faktor sosialmasyarakat. Pada efektivitas kelembagaan, faktor mana yang lebih berpengaruh pada tingkat efektivitas. Kemudian, pada masing-masing tingkatan dan keseluruhan praktik pemilihan kepala daerah, akan terlihat faktor yang paling dominan. Akan terlihat bahwa keanggotaan kelembagaan adalah faktor yang paling efektif diantara anggota formal dan informal. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif data. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor anggota kelembagaan mempunyai pengaruh paling signifikan terhadap tingkat efektivitas. Pada tahap persiapan, faktor yang memiliiki pengaruh paling signifikan adalah faktor sarana/fasilitas pendukung. Sementara itu, pada tahap penerapan. Keempat faktor tersebut tidak berpengaruh signifikan. Untuk keseluruhan praktik, faktor sarana/fasilitas pendukung merupakan faktor yang paling berpengaruh sama seperti pada tahap persiapan. Kinerja anggota yang lebih efektif pada keseluruhan praktik adalah anggota formal. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, anggota informal diperkirakan menjadi lebih dilibatkan lagi dan anggota formal kinerjanya lebih ditingkatkan. Kata kunci : demokrasi, desa, kelembagaan

Pembentukan identitas etnik di arena ekonomi politik lokal penting untuk dikaji dalam rangka memahami pluralisme di Indonesia. Tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah untuk mempelajari pembentukan identitas etnik di arena ekonomi politik lokal. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi kualitatif dengan paradigma non-positivistik perspektif struktural-konstruktivisme. Unit analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah masyarakat yang tinggal di Kendari, Sulawesi Tenggara. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, wawancara tertruktur dan Focus Grup Discussion (FGD) yang dilakukan aktor dari latar belakang berbagai etnis (Tolaki, Muna, Buton, dan Bugis) dan berbagai profesi (politisi, birokrasi, akademisi, and aktivis LSM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembentukan identitas etnik di arena politik lokal dipengaruhi oleh sejarah kelompok etnis (posisi) dan pengalaman aktor (disposisi). Dari keduanya, bentuk garis yang berkelanjutan membentuk suatu interaksi (kesenangan) yang dinamakan pembentukan identitas etnik. Struktur ini mengacu pada dua bentuk: (1) bentuk identitas etnik dengan skala besar dan (2) pembentukan batas identitas etnik. Kedua struktur tersebut merupakan penentu arena ekonomi politik lokal. Psinsip hirarki ganda (prinsip hirarki heteronomus dan autonomus) memberikan kontribusi pada pembentukan identitas etnik yang disebabkan oleh mobilisasi [identitas], positif atau negatif.Kata Kunci: struktur pembentukan identitas etnis, politik identitas, ekonomi politik lokal.

The Village Law has stipulated thirteen principles. One of the principles is recognition. The principle of recognition is a turning point in the reformation of the customary law of in Indonesia. The previous studies have founded recognition of the management and use of communal forest. This research focuses on the paradox of recognition of the administration of indigenous government. The implementation of Village Law has replaced the regional autonomy law: from decentralization – residual to recognition – subsidiarity. The inclusion of the principle of recognition – subsidiarity in the village law was implications for changes in the regulation of social order and governance. This research based on constructivism paradigm and qualitative method, with in depth interviews, purposive sampling, observations, and historical archivings. We had analyzed social construction of recognition to indigenous communities in ruling their government. The results indicate that the social construction of recognition in the political aspects of laws and regulations has not been able to meet the needs of indigenous peoples to arrange their government. This study questions regional approach to support the frameworks of desa adat.

ABSTRACTThis study aims to analyze the dynamics of land tenure in the multi-ethnic society. This research was conducted in District of Randangan,Pohuwato Regency. With a qualitative approach, this research involved 27 informants from various ethnic backgrounds (Gorontalo, Java, Bali, and Bugis) and profession (bureaucracy, NGO, and academic actors). The results of this study indicate that land tenure in the study sites has ethnic dimensions. This is evidenced by the existence of land tenure segregation, in which Bugis ethnic control of land in the coastal areas used for fishpond activities. Furthermore, ethnic Javanese controlled land in the hilly areas used as agricultural and plantation activities, while the ethnic Gorontalo (local), more widely spread in the sub-district government structure, and private. The existence of segregation of land tenure, trigger the emergence of turmoil in society by using ethnic identity as its domain. Therefore, the issue of locals versus migrants colored the polemic at the study site.Furthermore, the granting of access is also based on several actors' interests, including socio-economic, political, and demographic interests.Keywords: Dynamics, land tenure, multiethnic societyABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dinamika penguasaan lahan dalam masyarakat multietnik. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kecamatan Randangan Kabupaten Pohuwato. Dengan pendekatan kualitatif, penelitian ini melibatkan 27 informan dari berbagai latar belakang etnik (Gorontalo, Jawa, Bali. dan Bugis) dan profesi (birokrasi, LSM, dan akademisi). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penguasaan lahan di lokasi studi memiliki dimensi etnisitas. Hal ini dibuktikan oleh adanya segregasi penguasaan lahan, di mana etnik Bugis menguasai lahan di wilayah "pesisir" yang digunakan untuk aktivitas tambak ikan. Selanjutnya, etnis Jawa menguasai lahan di wilayah "perbukitan" yang digunakan sebagai aktivitas pertanian dan perkebunan, sedangkan etnis Gorontalo (lokal), lebih banyak tersebar di struktur pemerintahan kecamatan, dan swasta. Adanya segregasi penguasaan lahan, memicu timbulnya gejolak di masyarakat dengan menggunakan identitas etnis sebagai domainnya. Oleh karena itu, isyu penduduk lokal versus pendatang mewarnai polemik di lokasi studi. Di sisi lain, proses penguasaan lahan di lokasi studi dilatar-belakangi oleh adanya keterlibatan berbagai aktor (berbasis etnis) dalam pemberian akses kepada anggota etnisnya masing-masing. Selanjutnya, pemberian akses juga didasarkan pada beberapa kepentingan aktor, di antaranya adalah kepentingan sosial-ekonomi, politik, dan demografi.Kata Kunci: dinamika, penguasaan, lahan, masyarakat multietnik

ABSTRACTThe objective of this research is to analyze the politic actors in playing their capital in local politic contestation, both at regent level also at rural level in Central Aceh. The study approach uses teory of Bordieu habitus, also uses qualitative method for arena and capital then supported by quantitative data. Analysis unit of this research is politic actors who followed headed of regent's election in 2012. The data taken by using in depth interview technique and literature analysis of historical documents. Result of the research show that first, dominant capital who played by politic actors in constitution of local politic is capital politic, social and economic. Second, the political practice of identity in Gayo Society that propagandize term of uken-toa doing by politic actors, whereas in grass community sentiment of identity between uken and toa do not evolve and fade as time goes by. Third, habitus of politic actors are influenced by three things, those are history, religion and culture. Therefore, the condition of habitus that play a role in politic contestation is historical formation of uken and toa identity in the past and influence politic of conflict which doing by Dutch colonists.Keywords : Identity practice, dynamics of local politics, arena, capital, habitus, actors and Gayo ethnicityABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis aktor politik dalam memainkan modal mereka dalam kontestasi politik lokal, baik di tingkat kabupaten maupun di pedesaan di kabupaten Aceh Tengah. Pendekatan riset ini menggunakan teori Bordieu, habitus, arena dan modal dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dan didukung oleh data kuantitatif. Unit analisis dari penelitian ini adalah aktor politik yang mengikuti pemilihan kepala daerah pada tahun 2012. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara mendalam dan analisis literatur dokumen sejarah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertama; modal dominan yang dimainkan aktor politik dalam kontestasi politik lokal adalah modal politik, modal sosial dan modal ekonomi. Kedua, praktik politik identitas dalam masyarakat Gayo yang mempropagandakan istilah uken- toa dilakukan oleh aktor politik, sedangkan di akar rumput sentimen identitas antara uken dan toa tidak lagi berkembang dan sudah memudar seiring perkembangan waktu. Ketiga, habitus aktor politik dipengaruhi oleh tiga hal, sejarah, agama, dan budaya. Dengan begitu, kondisi habitus yang berperan dalam kontestasi politik adalah sejarah pembentukkan identitas uken dan toa di masa lalu dan pengaruh politik adu domba yang dilakukan kolonial Belanda.Kata kunci: Praktik identitas, dinamika politik lokal, arena, modal, habitus, aktor, dan etnik Gayo

The main activities in the rural landscape are agriculture, involved natural resources management that compose the function of area as settlement, government services, social services and economy activities. These activities affected the rural landscape that changed plant diversities as well as carbon stock. The aim of this research was to evaluate biodiversity and carbon stock in the rural area of Cisadane Watershed. Two villages were defined on a purposive random sampling, i.e. Sukadamai and Bantarsari. The sampling plots were selected based on main land use type with size for tree was 20 m × 20 m, pole was 10 m x 10 m, sapling was 5 m x 5 m and seedling was 2 m x 2 m; with 3 replications. Similarly, other concentric plots were established. The number of plant species were counted, diameter at breast height (DBH) and plant height were measured. The analysis of carbon stock, plant diversity and the relationship was developed using Microsoft Excel and R 3.6.1 software. The results showed that main land use in Sukadamai and Bantarsari Village consisted of settlement area, farmland, mixed farming and palm oil plantation. In the research area where 106 species from 43 families that classified into 9 horizontal diversity based on function and 5 vertical diversity based on plant height. The values of Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H') ranged 2,78–3,20. Estimated carbon stocks were 1,16–51,40 Mg ha−1 in research areas, respectively. These research concluded there was a negative correlation between species richness and diversity index with carbon stock in the village landscapes.ABSTRACTThe main activities in the rural landscape are agriculture, involved natural resources management that compose the function of area as settlement, government services, social services and economy activities. These activities affected the rural landscape that changed plant diversities as well as carbon stock. The aim of this research was to evaluate biodiversity and carbon stock in the rural area of Cisadane Watershed. Two villages were defined on a purposive random sampling, i.e. Sukadamai and Bantarsari. The sampling plots were selected based on main land use type with size for tree was 20 m × 20 m, pole was 10 m x 10 m, sapling was 5 m x 5 m and seedling was 2 m x 2 m; with 3 replications. Similarly, other concentric plots were established. The number of plant species were counted, diameter at breast height (DBH) and plant height were measured. The analysis of carbon stock, plant diversity and the relationship was developed using Microsoft Excel and R 3.6.1 software. The results showed that main land use in Sukadamai and Bantarsari Village consisted of settlement area, farmland, mixed farming and palm oil plantation. In the research area where 106 species from 43 families that classified into 9 horizontal diversity based on function and 5 vertical diversity based on plant height. The values of Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H') ranged 2,78–3,20. Estimated carbon stocks were 1,16–51,40 Mg ha−1 in research areas, respectively. These research concluded there was a negative correlation between species richness and diversity index with carbon stock in the village landscapes.

This article discusses the issues of religious and cultural resistance of Madurese salt farming communities as portrayed in the religious tradition of nyadar ritual. Nyadar is an annual religious tradition carried out by Madurese salt farming communities in Sumenep district, precisely in Pinggir Papas Village, Kalianget District and Gersik Putih Village, Gapura District, to conduct cultural resistance against the hegemony and dominance of the Salt Farming Corporation and Madurese salt farming community elites. The purpose of this study is to reveal changes in the cultural situation of the Madurese salt farming community. This study uses an ethnographic method with a constructivist paradigm with data collection methods using in-depth interviews, participant observation, and focus group discussions (FGD). The result of this research found that nyadar is a form of religious rituals that illustrates the solidarity of the community in fighting against the shackles of poverty and helplessness to fight the hegemony and domination of the economic liberalism capitalism in the globalization of the global salt economy which tends to favor the salt corporation, the owners of salt farm land, the religious figures, and the Madurese elites. The cultural resistance of the salt farming community is portrayed in the rejection of the various policies that will be enforced by the Government, PT. Garam, as well as salt corporates in the religious ritual tradition of nyadar including in determining the time of event, religious tourism destinations, and financial support to celebrate the religious ritual activities of nyadar.

Rawa lebak is the main source of livelihood for the people living around it. Climate change makes it difficult for community to predict the arrival of the rainy season. The community is vulnerable to crop failure. In addition, the existence of regional regulations governing the management of rawa lebak in the flood season increasingly pressured the community. Communities also become vulnerable to food insecurity The purpose of this study is to identify the social values, economic values, and political values of rawa lebak, and to see the resilience of the community to the food insecurity conditions in the rawa lebak area. This research uses qualitative method. Qualitative data is obtained in three ways, observations, indepth interview, and documentations on an ongoing basis. The result of this research is rawa lebak has the social values through various rituals conducted by the community before rice planting season. The economic values of rawa lebak is its function as the main source of livelihood for the community. The political values of rawa lebak is the ownership system of rawa lebak. The community in Tapus Village is still at the level of resilience as stability because it has not been able to perform an optimum adaptive capacity. In addition, the domination of the political value of the rawa lebak makes people less able to make optimum use of the economic value of the swamp swamp. This makes community more sensitive and vulnerable to food insecure.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are important actors in sustainable development. This organization is considered the core of civil society that not only actively encourages the provision of public services and democratization but also oversees and criticizes the policy of the unfair state. Although the number continues to increase (in year 2000, the number reached 13.400), but in fact they have not been able to give achievements in the management of natural resources and environment. The research was conducted on environmental NGOs in 3 different regions (Yogyakarta, Kolaka and Muna) with the objective of measuring their performance in reforestation activities based on legal, technical and social aspects. Data collection was done by using Close Ended Questionnaire, where each criterion and indicator was assessed based on scoring system, which refers to system: One Score One Indicator Scoring System (Avenzora, 2008). To interpret each value the Phenomenology approach was used, while to see the difference of perspective from each stakeholder, Kruskall Wallis analysis was used. The results showed that the performance of environmental NGOs in reforestation activities was not effective and sustainable. This was shown by poorly score of 2 and/or rather poor score of 3 of each assessment criteria value in legal, technical and social aspects.

ABSTRACTThe rattan handicraft industry is growing rapidly, supported by government policies in the rattan trading system and people who have expertise and skills in managing rattan into household handicraft products. The presence of this industry creates a pattern of relations in it as a symptom of political economy, where the pattern of relations which generally involves business and political relations develops into a pattern of relations between actors in the economy itself. These actors take advantage of the rattan industry for profit (rent-seeking) improperly or through transaction processes outside the economy. The results showed that the dynamics of the rattan industry development were highly dependent on government policies in the raw rattan trading system. The production process involves exporters, pengesub, raw material traders, and local traders. The rattan industry creates a relationship pattern in the form of exploitation and cooperation with three types of socio-economic-political relations between actors in the rattan handicraft industry. Rent-seeking can be categorized into local, national, and global rent-seeking.Keywords: rattan handicraft industry, political economy, rent-seeking actors

Based on a sociological perspective, problems in village financial management are not only in administrative problem but structural problem, which is an intervention from the government, so that access to village financial management is only owned by a handful of people. It has implications for the community participation space so the village development is not in accordance with the real hopes and needs of the village community. This study aims to identify local people who control village financial management and measure the influence index of these actors in carrying out their respective roles in Purwabakti Village and Sukadamai Village in Bogor Regency. The research was conducted using mixed methods The results showed that there were six dominant local actors in village financial management. Five of the six actors are village government officials who can be used as village secretary, village treasurer and chairman of the LPM, while one other actor is the head of the TPK Lapang for infrastructure development from the community. Based on the average value of the influence index of each actor, it can be concluded that the economic capital of the actor is the most important capital to be able to influence the community in the village with the rural characteristic, while the capital of moral actors is the most important capital to influence the community in teh village with the semi-urban characteristic. Actors in semi-urban villages also showed that their educational background and interaction with outsiders contribute to carrying out a structural role in the village.

Perspective difference of users related to forest area utilization has caused tenurial conflicts, as well as, possible utilization conflicts. This study aimed to understand stakeholders' interests and influences as exogenic factors that caused the non-optimal institutional performance. This study used an institutional diagnostic approach to understand how the situation and action arena is from inter-influencing institutional entities. Data collection used the convergent parallel mixed method (CPMM) approach, while analysis used the rapid land tenure assessment (RaTA) method. Further, this study used the Institutional Analysis Development (IAD) method to explain how the exogenic factors influence each other. The results showed that the characteristics of biophysical attributes, community attributes, as well as, rule in use were inter-influencing within the action arena. Besides, based on the post-prospective analysis result, policy decision opted by the government tend to not consider the community existence, who have been using the land for their livelihood. This situation has caused utilization conflicts between communities and concession holders. Thus, this study recommends: 1) the stakeholders to establish a communication forum for all parties to obtain clear information about forest utilization and to support institutional performance; 2) institutionalizing local community to govern forest utilization, and 3) determining management and concept of sustainable forest, as well as, policy making.

Local communities have been using forest land area far before Industrial Forest Plantation (HTI) permit was granted. The overlapping land use among different users potentially leads to conflict. This paper studies conflict resolution creatively and collaboratively with forest management. Conflict resolution is based on the Creativity and Collaboration Action - Forest Management (CCA-FM) model on field exploration that created participation pattern of all parties in the vision of forestry science principles as the basis of policymaking. Convergent Parallel Mixed Method (CPMM) approaches with Rapid Land Tenure Assessment (RaTA) were used. Results show that claim of the community as the owner of the authority rights and dominance of the local elites, greatly affect the action situation. However, the policy options taken by the government towards policy outcomes do not tend to consider the field conditions. The CCA-FM model has been implemented in five villages. The community strongly supports the government to devolve the management rights to the community and to facilitate the transfer of knowledge, technology, market information, supporting all parties, and collaboration on business license management. Research results recommend the CCA-FM model could be a basis for building village self-reliance and improving the performance of the Forest Management Unit (FMU).

Desa adalah arena pembangunan berkelanjutan dimana terjadinya interaksi ekonomi, sosial, budaya, lingkungan, dan politik. Desa memiliki arti strategis untuk keberhasilan pencapaian 17 indikator Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Tetapi desa memiliki keterbatasan dalam menyediakan data dan indikator untuk mengukur pencapaian SDGs berbasis Rukun Warga (RW). Penelitian ini bertujuan menyediakan Data Desa Presisi (DDP) dan memanfaatkannya untuk mengukur serta menganalisis indikator pencapaian 16 dari 17 SDGs desa. Satu SDGs ke-14, yaitu ekosistem laut tidak diukur, karena lokasi penelitian merupakan desa teresterial dengan ketinggian 423-902 m dpl. Penggunaan DDP di lokasi penelitian dengan metode normalisasi dan agregasi berdasarkan rata-rata aritmetika, menjadikan penelitian ini berhasil menghitung skor masing-masing SDGs desa. Kemudian hasil analisis DDP dan SDGs desa dikombinasikan dengan pemetaan spasial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan SDGs Desa Sukamantri secara kumulatif mencapai hasil cukup baik. Sebanyak 3 SDGs tergolong sangat baik, 4 SDGs tergolong baik, 3 SDGs tergolong cukup baik, 5 SDGs yang kurang, dan 2 SDGs sangat kurang. Mengacu perhitungan indeks SDGs Desa Sukamantri, pilar lingkungan memiliki skor yang paling tinggi dan secara rata-rata terkategori sangat baik. Tetapi pilar sosial dan ekonomi termasuk kategori kurang, pilar hukum dan tatakelola tergolong kategori sangat kurang. Artinya pembangunan berkelanjutan di Desa Sukamantri belum tercapai. Kekayaan alam yang ada di Desa Sukamantri belum terkelola untuk mencapai pemenuhan hak dasar manusia yang berkualitas secara adil dan setara, bagi kesejahteran warga desa dan terwujudnya pertumbuhan ekonomi yang inklusif dan berkualitas. ; A village is an arena for sustainable development where economic, social, cultural, environmental and political interactions occur. It has a strategic meaning for the successful achievement of the 17 indicators of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, villages have limitations in providing data and indicators to measure the achievement of SDGs based on RW. The aims of this study are to provide Precision Village Data (DDP) and use it to measure and analyze the achievement indicators of 16 out of 17 village SDGs. One of SDGs 14, namely the marine ecosystem is not measured because the research location is a terrestrial village with an altitude of 423-902 m ASL. The use of DDP in the research location with normalization and aggregation methods based on arithmetic averages made this study successful in calculating the scores of each village SDGs. Then the results of the analysis of the village DDP and SDGs were combined with spatial mapping. The results showed that the SDGs in Sukamantri Village cumulatively achieved quite good results. A total of 3 SDGs was classified as very good, 4 SDGs were classified as good, 3 SDGs were classified as good enough, 5 SDGs were lacking, and 2 SDGs were poorest. Referring to the SDGs index calculation for Sukamantri Village, the environmental pillar has the highest score and is on average very good. However, the social and economic pillars are in the poor category, the law and governance pillars are in the poorest category. This means that sustainable development in Sukamantri Village has not been achieved. The natural wealth in Sukamantri Village has not been managed to achieve the fulfillment of basic human rights that are of a just and equal quality, for the well-being of the villagers and the realization of inclusive and quality economic growth.