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his article1 looks at a situation in modern Ghana when simultaneously existing 'acephalous tribesmen', chiefdom and the state became involved in a conflict which eventually resulted in a local war. The roots of the conflict are not purely ethnic, although differences of language and culture were obvious. The colonial and post-colonial state created the situation in which chiefdoms and 'tribes' were allowed living on the same territory but in a hierarchical arrangement. Once the economy and political order happened to experience a protracted crisis, the perceived inequalities and injustices came to the fore and exploded. The author examines in detail the causes and development of the conflict, and weighs consequences for both the concrete case and the theory of political anthropology. For Hans Claessen and Michał Tymowski, to mark their respective jubilees

Peter Skalnik, Soviet etnografiia and the national(ilies) question.
The present paper argues that the etnos "theory," as expounded by Bromley and his collaborators over more than the past twenty years, was particularly inept to face the problems summarized under the heading of national question. By inventing and reifying etnos, Bromley wished to substantiate his claims that etnografiia was an independent discipline and supply "scientific" evidence that the national question in the USSR was resolved "once and for all." The impotence of Bromley's "theory" is seen in the explosion of the "ethnic" claims all over the USSR, the failure both to predict and grasp it.

Intro -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- PART ONE: THESIS -- 1. The Early State: Theories and Hypotheses -- 2. State Origins: A Reappraisal -- 3. Some Theoretical Problems of the Study of the Early State -- 4. The Origin of the State Among the Nomads of Asia -- PART TWO: ANTITHESIS -- 5. Angkor: Society and State -- 6. Ankole: Pastoral Hegemony -- 7. Axum -- 8. The Legitimation of the Aztec State -- 9. China -- 10. The Early State in Ancient Egypt -- 11. The Early State in France -- 12. Early States in Ancient Georgia -- 13. The Early State in Hawaii -- 14. Early State of the Incas -- 15. The Galla State of Jimma Abba Jifar -- 16. The Kachari State: The Character of Early State-like Formations in the Hill Districts of Northeast India -- 17. The Kuba State -- 18. The Mauryan State -- 19. The Early State in Norway -- 20. The Early State Among the Scythians -- 21. Early State in Tahiti -- 22. Early States in the Voltaic Basin -- 23. Yoruba City-States (at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century) -- 24. Zande -- PART THREE: SYNTHESIS -- 25. The Early State: A Structural Approach -- 26. The Early State as a Process -- 27. Limits: Beginning and End of the Early State -- 28. The Early State: Models and Reality -- Biographical Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.