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This article aims to explain the idea of X-efficiency, which indicates the difference between potential and actual output. If any business subject produces below its own potentials, it can be considered X-inefficient. To determine whether X-inefficiency in Croatian companies exists, how large it is in its volume and why it appears, in 2014, empirical research was conducted. Since only 22% of interviewed companies use all their available resources and given that the mean capacity utilization rate is only 70% and the mean resource utilization rate is 68%, our study results suggest that among business subjects in the Republic of Croatia, X-inefficiency exists to a large extent. Qualitative analysis shows that X-inefficiency appears mostly because of the competitive pressure. Other reasons include legal and administrative problems, the existence of inertness and a lack of motivation, the decision to work 'less for more', inadequate demand, economic crisis, the decision to save resources for future use, seasonal demand, incompetence of the government, corruption, and the risk of debt collection as well as local organizational problems.

Growing socioeconomic inequalities and deepening polarization among and within nations indicate a major risk of political, social and economic instability. Policymakers need to deepen their awareness and understanding of the circumstances and find useful guidance and examples to inspire their effective qualitative and quantitative policies. This paper empirically investigates the relative dynamic socio-economic efficiency of thirty OECD countries using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology. As an extension to the basic output-oriented DEA models with variable returns-to-scale, window analysis is employed. The appropriate design of window length is also proposed in the study. In the first step, the relative efficiency of the countries was measured by four economic indicators. In the second step, four new indicators were added, covering social, institutional and environmental dimensions. It has been found that, in some cases, performance rankings change very significantly and that the overall relative performance of the OECD countries increases when the set of economic indicators is extended.

Growing socioeconomic inequalities and deepening polarization among and within nations indicate a major risk of political, social and economic instability. Policymakers need to deepen their awareness and understanding of the circumstances and find useful guidance and examples to inspire their effective qualitative and quantitative policies. This paper empirically investigates the relative dynamic socio-economic efficiency of thirty OECD countries using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology. As an extension to the basic output-oriented DEA models with variable returns-to-scale, window analysis is employed. The appropriate design of window length is also proposed in the study. In the first step, the relative efficiency of the countries was measured by four economic indicators. In the second step, four new indicators were added, covering social, institutional and environmental dimensions. It is found that performance rankings change, in some cases, very significantly and that the overall relative performance of the OECD countries increases when the set of economic indicators is extended.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.28.4.18502

Keynes (1930) considered the Gibson's relation as "most completely established empirical fact". In contrast to the previous literature, this paper adopts a multivariate, nonlinear framework to analyse Gibson's paradox in the Netherlands over the period 1800-2012. Specifically, SSA (Singular Spectrum Analysis) and MSSA (Multichannel Singular Spectrum Analysis) techniques are used. It is shown that changes in monetary policy regimes or volatility in the price of gold by themselves cannot account for the behaviour of government bond yields and prices over the last 200 years. However, the inclusion of changes in the real rate of return on capital, M1, primary credit rate, expected inflation, and money purchasing power enables a nonlinear model to account for a sizeable percentage of the total variance of Dutch bond yields. This is a novel study of the Gibson's paradox using a non-linear approach unravelling the multidimensional nature of the paradox. The results should assist policy makers in setting monetary policy and help to better understand the behaviour of financial institutions on the markets. Central banks, should however evaluate the implication of this study in setting inflation targeting goals. Results of this study are also expected to stimulate further research on the bank credit policies by managing interest rates.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.29.4.20403