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"The book explores the relationship among young people, politics and the media. It presents a novel multidimensional analytical framework - The Circle Line Media Model, which accounts for the importance of a range of processes, actors and social structures in the political socialization process. By defining political socialization as a lifelong interactive process that develops civic cultures, collective identities, and citizenship, underpinned by social structures, nationality and generational order, the author draws attention to its manifestation in acts of political participation and interactions with authoritative actors such as school/teachers, family, the media and friends/peers. The volume's longitudinal study on young people, Europe and the media spanning 13 years of research in two very different countries also makes recommendations for more effectively engaging young people with politics and political media based on Generation Z's own views about current deficiencies in their relationship with news media. Shedding new light on the changing nature of young people's engagement with politics, this book will be of interest to researchers, lecturers/professors and upper level undergraduate and postgraduate students in the fields of media studies, communication and journalism studies as well as politics and sociology"--

"The book explores the relationship among young people, politics and the media. It presents a novel multidimensional analytical framework - The Circle Line Media Model, which accounts for the importance of a range of processes, actors and social structures in the political socialization process. By defining political socialization as a lifelong interactive process that develops civic cultures, collective identities, and citizenship, underpinned by social structures, nationality and generational order, the author draws attention to its manifestation in acts of political participation and interactions with authoritative actors such as school/teachers, family, the media and friends/peers. The volume's longitudinal study on young people, Europe and the media spanning 13 years of research in two very different countries also makes recommendations for more effectively engaging young people with politics and political media based on Generation Z's own views about current deficiencies in their relationship with news media. Shedding new light on the changing nature of young people's engagement with politics, this book will be of interest to researchers, lecturers/professors and upper level undergraduate and postgraduate students in the fields of media studies, communication and journalism studies as well as politics and sociology"--

Part I Conceptualizing Online Comments from a Global Perspective -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Post-Deliberative Public Spheres: Beyond Democratic Deliberation and the Public Sphere Framework -- 3 Studying Global Online Discussions: A Grounded Theory Approach -- Part II Global Virtual Discussions About Trump and the USA -- 4 Online Comments About Trump and the USA in China -- 5 Online Comments About Trump and the USA in Russia -- 6 Online Comments About Trump and the USA in Mexico -- 7 Conclusion.

"This book examines the challenges and pressures liberal journalists face in Putin's Russia. It presents the findings of an in-depth qualitative study, which included ethnographic observations of editorial meetings during the conflict in Ukraine. It also provides a theoretical framework for evaluating the Russian media system and a historical overview of the development of liberal media in the country. The book focuses on some of Russias most influential liberal national news outlets: "the deadliest" newspaper Novaya Gazeta, "Russias last independent radio station" Radio Echo of Moscow (Ekho Moskvy) and US Congress-funded Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. The fieldwork included ethnographic observations of editorial meetings, long interviews with editors and journalists as well as documentary analysis. The monograph makes theoretical contributions to three main areas: 1. Media systems and terms of reference. 2. Journalism: cultures, role conceptions, and relationship with power, culture and society. 3. Mediatisation of conflict and nationhood."--Provided by publisher.

Abstract
The Leveson Inquiry into the culture, practice and ethics of the press is undoubtedly one of the most significant events in the recent history of British media. Lord Justice Leveson's verdict was damning for the national press but he praised the local press for its contribution to local life and for not succumbing to the ethically questionable practices of the nationals. While the Leveson report did not contain any specific recommendations for the improvement of the regional press, it called for urgent government action to prevent its demise. What happened after Leveson − how have regional and local journalists been affected by the Inquiry and all subsequent developments? This question is at the core of this special issue, which features articles from both academics and practitioners. The authors deal with a wide variety of issues – from normative questions about the role of journalists and (new) business models to more specific enquiries into journalists' post-Leveson working routines and practices.

Slavtcheva-Petkova, V. (2017). Fighting Putin and the Kremlin's grip in neo-authoritarian Russia: the experience of liberal journalists. Journalism. Copyright © [2017]. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications. ; Russia is one of the most dangerous countries for journalists and the conflict with Ukraine and Russia's involvement in Syria present even further challenges for the future of Russian journalism. In addition to the financial pressures, physical attacks, abductions and harassment, liberal journalists now face an increasing threat to the democratising role they see themselves as playing. President Vladimir Putin's soaring popularity and the elaborate range of tactics used to suppress press freedom are forcing liberal media to rethink their mission(s) and identity(ies). This paper presents empirical evidence on the range of tactics used by Russian authorities as well as the coping strategies adopted by journalists. The study shows that some Russian media and journalists demonstrate a great degree of resilience in their efforts to expose wrongdoings and hold the powerful to account. The article questions the applicability of Western-centric normative media system theories because it shows that the breadth, depth, and mechanisms of control in modern-day Russia are very different from the ones used during Soviet times, and yet, Russian media and society do not appear to be on a linear journey from authoritarianism to democracy. The article presents the findings of a semi-ethnographic study of some of Russia's most influential liberal news outlets – Novaya Gazeta, Radio Echo of Moscow and Radio Free Europe/Liberty. The study was conducted in May 2014 in the midst of the conflict with Ukraine. It involved observations of editorial meetings, documentary analysis and interviews with editors, deputy editors and journalists.

This article analyzes quantitatively and qualitatively 1,583 comments by national newspapers' online readers in Bulgaria. It investigates readers' reactions to articles discussing the media war between the biggest press groups—one owned by a Member of Parliament known as "the Murdoch of the East." The study explores how these stories influence the relationship between newspapers and their readers, and whether they enhance the democratic potential of online discussion. The results show a higher level of reader engagement than in established democracies or nondemocracies. The online space provides an arena for democratic conversations and it is also used as an engine for conspiracy theories.

Twenty-five years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Eastern European countries face an increasing threat to their media pluralism and democracies after a lot of media corporations fell in the hands of local owners. The region is plagued by "mini-Murdochs," and Bulgaria is a case in point. This study investigates a subset of Bulgarian online newspaper readers' perceptions of the state of journalism. The article presents the results from a qualitative analysis of 1,583 comments about the media war between the country's biggest press groups. It focuses on 178 comments that discuss the role of journalists. Readers differentiate between "ideal journalism" and "real journalism." The former is based on an idealized view of journalists as detached watchdogs, whereas the latter depicts a dire picture of journalists as manipulative servants of their owners. The virtual space is a vibrant arena for democratic discussions and can also potentially serve as an accountability tool for journalists. A reconceptualization of Habermas's public sphere is needed if we are to more clearly understand how vibrant online spaces contribute to democracy even if they fall short of his normative ideal.

This article explores the relationship between social backgrounds—socio-economic status and ethnicity—and European knowledge, identities and attitudes to European Union (EU) membership in two member states—the Eastern European newcomer Bulgaria and the Western European notoriously Eurosceptic United Kingdom. Itadopts an empirical sociological approach in line with recent calls for more sociological input into EU studies. By drawing on 174 individual interviews with 9-/10-year-old primary school pupils, the article is focused on young people: a group that 'holds the key' to the future of the EU, yet is entirely neglected by academics and policy makers. The findings suggest that despite the substantial national differences, the significance of socio-economic status and ethnicity is strong cross-nationally. European identity is largely elite and racialized and those at the margins of society in my sample are not at all involved in the European project. A key theoretical contribution this article makes is to move beyond mono-causal explanations by providing an account of the intersection of national context, socio-economic status and ethnicity in relation to young people's European identities.