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The Network Neutrality (NN) debate refers to the battle over the design of a regulatory framework for preserving the Internet as a public network and open innovation platform. Fueled by concerns that broadband access service providers might abuse network management to discriminate against third party providers (e.g., content or application providers), policymakers have struggled with designing rules that would protect the Internet from unreasonable network management practices. In this article, we provide an overview of the history of the debate in the U.S. and the EU and highlight the challenges that will confront network engineers designing and operating networks as the debate continues to evolve. ; BMBF, 16DII111, Verbundprojekt: Weizenbaum-Institut für die vernetzte Gesellschaft - Das Deutsche Internet-Institut; Teilvorhaben: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB) ; EC/H2020/679158/EU/Resolving the Tussle in the Internet: Mapping, Architecture, and Policy Making/ResolutioNet

In recent years, governments worldwide have moved their services online to better serve their citizens. Benefits aside, this increases the danger of tracking via such sites. This is of great concern as governmental websites increasingly become the only interaction point with the government. In this paper, we investigate popular governmental websites across different countries and assess to what extent the visits to these sites are tracked by third parties. Our results show that, unfortunately, tracking is a serious concern as up to 90\% of these websites in some countries add cookies of third-party trackers without any consent from users. Even in countries with strict user privacy laws, non-session cookies set by trackers that last for days or months are widely present. We also show that the above is also a problem for international organizations' official websites and popular websites that inform the public about the COVID-19 pandemic. ; TRUE ; inpress

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the Corona Virus 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic. As a result, billions of people were either encouraged or forced by their governments to stay home to reduce the spread of the virus. This caused many to turn to the Internet for work, education, social interaction, and entertainment. With the Internet demand rising at an unprecedented rate, the question of whether the Internet could sustain this additional load emerged. To answer this question, this paper will review the impact of the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic on Internet traffic in order to analyze its performance. In order to keep our study broad, we collect and analyze Internet traffic data from multiple locations at the core and edge of the Internet. From this, we characterize how traffic and application demands change, to describe the "new normal," and explain how the Internet reacted during these unprecedented times. ; pub

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a global pandemic. As a result, billions of people were either encouraged or forced by their governments to stay home to reduce the spread of the virus. This caused many to turn to the Internet for work, education, social interaction, and entertainment. With the Internet demand rising at an unprecedented rate, the question of whether the Internet could sustain this additional load emerged. To answer this question, this paper will review the the impact of the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic on Internet traffic in order to analyze its performance. In order to keep our study broad, we collect and analyze Internet traffic data from multiple locations at the core and edge of the Internet. From this, we characterize how traffic and application demands change, to describe the "new normal", and explain how the Internet reacted during these unprecedented times. ; BMBF, 01IS18025A, Verbundprojekt BIFOLD-BBDC: Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data ; BMBF, 01IS18037A, Verbundprojekt BIFOLD-BZML: Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data ; BMBF, 16KIS0691, Verbundprojekt: 5G Lösungen für die vernetzte Mobilität der Zukunft - 5GNetMobil -; Teilvorhaben: Zuverlässige, kognitive und agile Kommunikationslösungen für die taktil vernetzte Mobilität ; BMBF, 16KIS0975K, KMU-innovativ-Verbundprojekt: Artificial Intelligence-based DDoS Mitigation at Internet Exchange Points - AIDOS -; Teilvorhaben: Data-Driven IXP DDoS Mitigation ; BMBF, 16KIS0976, KMU-innovativ-Verbundprojekt: Artificial Intelligence-based DDoS Mitigation at Internet Exchange Points - AIDOS -; Teilvorhaben: Statistical AI-based DDoS Detection ; EC/H2020/679158/EU/Resolving the Tussle in the Internet: Mapping, Architecture, and Policy Making/ResolutioNet

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a global pandemic. As a result, billions of people were either encouraged or forced by their governments to stay home to reduce the spread of the virus. This caused many to turn to the Internet for work, education, social interaction, and entertainment. With the Internet demand rising at an unprecedented rate, the question of whether the Internet could sustain this additional load emerged. To answer this question, this paper will review the the impact of the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic on Internet traffic in order to analyze its performance. In order to keep our study broad, we collect and analyze Internet traffic data from multiple locations at the core and edge of the Internet. From this, we characterize how traffic and application demands change, to describe the "new normal", and explain how the Internet reacted during these unprecedented times. ; BMBF, 01IS18025A, Verbundprojekt BIFOLD-BBDC: Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data ; BMBF, 01IS18037A, Verbundprojekt BIFOLD-BZML: Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data ; BMBF, 16KIS0691, Verbundprojekt: 5G Lösungen für die vernetzte Mobilität der Zukunft - 5GNetMobil -; Teilvorhaben: Zuverlässige, kognitive und agile Kommunikationslösungen für die taktil vernetzte Mobilität ; BMBF, 16KIS0975K, KMU-innovativ-Verbundprojekt: Artificial Intelligence-based DDoS Mitigation at Internet Exchange Points - AIDOS -; Teilvorhaben: Data-Driven IXP DDoS Mitigation ; BMBF, 16KIS0976, KMU-innovativ-Verbundprojekt: Artificial Intelligence-based DDoS Mitigation at Internet Exchange Points - AIDOS -; Teilvorhaben: Statistical AI-based DDoS Detection ; EC/H2020/679158/EU/Resolving the Tussle in the Internet: Mapping, Architecture, and Policy Making/ResolutioNet

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments imposed lockdowns that forced hundreds of millions to stay at home. As a result of these measures, Internet traffic of residential users increased, in particular, for remote working, entertainment, commerce, and education. In turn, traffic demands in the Internet core shifted as well. In this paper, using data from a diverse set of vantage points (one ISP, three IXPs, and one metropolitan educational network), we study the effect of these lockdowns on traffic shifts. We find that the traffic volume increased by 15-20% almost within a week---while overall still modest, this constitutes a large increase within this short time period. The Internet infrastructure is able to handle this increase, as most traffic shifts occur outside of traditional peak hours. When looking at traffic sources, we find that while hypergiants still contribute a significant fraction of traffic, we see a higher increase in traffic of non-hypergiants. We observe traffic increases in applications that people use when at home, such as Web conferencing, VPN, and gaming. While many networks see increased traffic demands, in particular, residential users, others see major decreases, e.g., in the educational network. ; BMBF, 16DII111, Verbundprojekt: Weizenbaum-Institut für die vernetzte Gesellschaft - Das Deutsche Internet-Institut; Teilvorhaben: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB) ; BMBF, 16KIS0691, Verbundprojekt: 5G Lösungen für die vernetzte Mobilität der Zukunft - 5GNetMobil -; Teilvorhaben: Zuverlässige, kognitive und agile Kommunikationslösungen für die taktil vernetzte Mobilität ; BMBF, 16KIS0975K, KMU-innovativ-Verbundprojekt: Artificial Intelligence-based DDoS Mitigation at Internet Exchange Points - AIDOS -; Teilvorhaben: Data-Driven IXP DDoS Mitigation ; EC/H2020/679158/EU/Resolving the Tussle in the Internet: Mapping, Architecture, and Policy Making/ResolutioNet

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments imposed lock-downs that forced hundreds of millions of citizens to stay at home. The implementation of confinement measures increased Internet traffic demands of residential users, in particular, for remote working, entertainment, commerce, and education, which, as a result, caused traffic shifts in the Internet core. In this paper, using data from a diverse set of vantage points (one ISP, three IXPs, and one metropolitan educational network), we examine the effect of these lockdowns on traffic shifts. We find that the traffic volume increased by 15-20% almost within a week---while overall still modest, this constitutes a large increase within this short time period. However, despite this surge, we observe that the Internet infrastructure is able to handle the new volume, as most traffic shifts occur outside of traditional peak hours. When looking directly at the traffic sources, it turns out that, while hypergiants still contribute a significant fraction of traffic, we see (1) a higher increase in traffic of non-hypergiants, and (2) traffic increases in applications that people use when at home, such as Web conferencing, VPN, and gaming. While many networks see increased traffic demands, in particular, those providing services to residential users, academic networks experience major overall decreases. Yet, in these networks, we can observe substantial increases when considering applications associated to remote working and lecturing. ; TRUE ; pub

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many governments imposed lockdowns that forced hundreds of millions of citizens to stay at home. The implementation of confinement measures increased Internet traffic demands of residential users, in particular, for remote working, entertainment, commerce, and education, which, as a result, caused traffic shifts in the Internet core. In this paper, using data from a diverse set of vantage points (one ISP, three IXPs, and one metropolitan educational network), we examine the effect of these lockdowns on traffic shifts. We find that the traffic volume increased by 15-20% almost within a week – while overall still modest, this constitutes a large increase within this short time period. However, despite this surge, we observe that the Internet infrastructure is able to handle the new volume, as most traffic shifts occur outside of traditional peak hours. When looking directly at the traffic sources, it turns out that, while hypergiants still contribute a significant fraction of traffic, we see (1) a higher increase in traffic of non-hypergiants, and (2) traffic increases in applications that people use when at home, such as Web conferencing, VPN, and gaming. While many networks see increased traffic demands, in particular, those providing services to residential users, academic networks experience major overall decreases. Yet, in these networks, we can observe substantial increases when considering applications associated to remote working and lecturing. ; EC/H2020/679158/EU/Resolving the Tussle in the Internet: Mapping, Architecture, and Policy Making/ResolutioNet