The article examines the politics of international supplies of anti-COVID-19 vaccines to the post-Soviet countries of Central Asia. These countries have focused on the diversification of vaccine supplies, in line with their multi-vector foreign policies. Initially, the richest countries in the region, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, had an advantage in access to vaccines. However, eventually vaccine supplies from China and then from Western countries (facilitated by such international organizations and programs as UNICEF, Asian Development Bank, and COVAX) started to arrive in the Spring and Summer of 2021. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have established their own production of the Russian vaccine, while Uzbekistan also produces a vaccine developed in China. The main conclusion is that the supply of vaccines to the region is determined, first and foremost, by commercial and humanitarian considerations, while geopolitical rivalries among the supplying countries have not played a significant role so far.
The article provides a retrospective analysis of the development of political relations between Japan and Russia from the middle of the XIX century to the present. The international relations have a nearly three-hundred-year history that reflects various periods of recession and recovery, stability and tension. There was and is a diplomatic struggle of states for financial strength, influence on the world stage, standing up for the national interests in the territorial issue, etc. But despite such moments, these relations did not go beyond the boundaries of "peaceful". Russia and Japan, as strong players in the Pacific region, have always understood the need for cooperation and have looked for it in political, economic and cultural formats. At the present stage relations between Japan and Russia include different areas: security, economy, culture, science. But the unsigned amicable agreement, which has been delayed for more than 70 years, does not provide ample opportunities for further development of productive mutually beneficial relations. Through the "prehistory" of modern bilateral relations between Russia and Japan, the sequence and nature of relations between the countries is determined. The key aspect that determines the sequence and nature of relations between countries is the historical connection. The material of the article is ranked by time periods (stages), the factors that influenced each of the stages are investigated, and the main problems of the relationships are determined. Special emphasis is placed on the problems of our times, in particular the territorial issue of the Southern Kuril Islands, which were formed historically. Today the relations are based on solving common problems in the economy, security and energy. Within the framework of common interests Japan and Russia are seeking to resolve a long-running dispute. Thus, the article consistently reveals the "prehistory" and the nature of modern bilateral relations. The stages and factors that influenced each of the stages are studied, the corresponding conclusions and forecasts are made. ; В статье проводится ретроспективный анализ развития политических отношений между Японией и Россией с середины XIX века до настоящего времени. Межгосударственные отношения имеют почти трехсотлетнюю историю, которая отражает различные периоды спада и подъёма, стабильности и напряженности. Шла и идет дипломатическая борьба государств за финансовое благополучие, влияние на мировых рынках, отстаивание своих интересов в территориальном вопросе и т. д. Но не смотря на такие моменты, эти отношения не выходили за грани «мирных». Россия и Япония, как сильные игроки тихоокеанского региона, всегда понимали необходимость сотрудничества и стремились к нему в политическом, экономическом и культурном форматах. На современном этапе, отношения Японии и России включают в себя разные направления: безопасность, экономика, культура, наука. Но неподписанное мировое соглашение, которое затянулось вот уже более чем на 70 лет, не дает широких возможностей дальнейшего развития продуктивных взаимовыгодных отношений. Через «предысторию» современных двухсторонних отношений России и Японии, определяется последовательность и характер взаимоотношений между странами. Ключевым аспектом, определяющим последовательность и характер взаимоотношений между странами, выступает историческая связь. Материал статьи ранжируется по временным периодам (этапам), исследуются факторы, которые оказывали влияние на каждом из этапов, определяются главные проблемы взаимоотношений. Особый акцент делается на проблемах современности, в частности территориального вопроса Южных Курил, которые сформировались исторически. Сегодня отношения строятся на решении общих задач в вопросах экономики и безопасности, энергетики. В рамках общих интересов Япония и Россия стремятся урегулировать давний спор. Таким образом, в статье последовательно раскрывается «предыстория» и характер современных двухсторонних отношений. Исследуются этапы, факторы, которые оказывали влияние на каждом из этапов, делаются соответствующие выводы и прогнозы.
The article discusses the consequences associated with failure of domestic airlines to participate in the existing market of emissions trading. The carbon market was approved by the European Union. Who insisted on taking its trade in the carbon market. Europe is insisting that the airlines pay for their flights over its territory. The article shows what steps Russia is taking to establish its system of accounting for greenhouse gas emissions and measures to reduce them under "climate harmonization". ; В статье рассматриваются последствия, связанные с отказом отечественных авиакомпаний участвовать в имеющемся рынке торговли квотами. Данный углеродный рынок был утверждён Европейским союзом, который настаивал на принятии своей системы торговли на углеродном рынке. При этом Европа настаивает, чтобы авиаперевозчики оплачивали свои полёты над её территорией. Показаны меры, которые Россия принимает по созданию своей системы учёта выбросов парниковых газов, и мероприятия по их снижению в рамках "климатической гармонизации".
A methodology of calculation and trade of pollutants to form a united market of free allowances is being developed in the framework of reducing emissions of greenhouse gases from aircraft. The competences of the European Union in trading emissions trading quota have been determined. The ways of creating the system of greenhouse gases accounting offered by foreign countries were considered. The date of creating our own methodology of collating the data of pollutants from aircraft has been set. ; В рамках снижения выбросов парниковых газов от воздушных судов разрабатываются методики расчёта и торговли загрязняющими веществами для формирования единого рынка бесплатных квот. Определены полномочия Европейского Союза в торговле квотами. Рассмотрены предлагаемые зарубежными странами пути решения в формировании системы учёта парниковых газов. Установлены сроки создания собственной отечественной методики сбора данных о загрязняющих веществах от воздушных судов, и как следствие, в дальнейшем создание методики для их расчёта.
[For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version)].ABSTRACT Logistical support for trade flows in the market, which is global at its core, leads to realization of new needs. One of them is intensification of environmental protection, provision of environmentally safe transportation of goods to the customers. The article discusses the need for application, principles and targets of «green» logistics technology, contributing to the environmental safety of transport, enhancement of social responsibility, competitiveness of economic actors in freight and passenger transportation. Keywords: «green» logistics, delivery of goods, transport, piggyback transportation, ecology, safety, environmental protection. REFERENCES 1.Smirnova, A. V.Analysis of wholesale buyers queuing system [Analiz sistemy obsluzhivanija optovyh pokupatelej].Aktual'nye problemy social'no-ekonomicheskogo razvitija Rossii, 2012, Iss.1, pp.101-102. 2.Gadzhinsky, A. M.Design of distribution systems based on logistics [Proektirovanie tovaroprovodjashhih sistem na osnove logistiki].Moscow, Dashkov i K, 2012, 323 p. 3.Pavlova, E.I., Mamedova, I. A.Logistics reverse goods flows: causal relationship.World of Transport and Transportation, Vol.13, 2015, Iss.5, pp.124-131. 4.Mukhina, I.I., Rezer, A.V., Akimova, I. P.State and municipal finances [Gosudarstvennye i municipal'nye finansy].Moscow, MIIT publ., 2012, 81 p. 5.Gadzhinsky, A. M.Logistics [Logistika].Moscow, Dashkov i K, 2014, 420 p. 6.Rezer, A.V., Mukhina, I.I., Smirnova, A. V.Client-focus of logistics in railway transport [Klientoorientirovannost' logistiki na zheleznodorozhnom transporte].Transportnoe delo Rossii, 2014, Iss.4, pp.7-10. 7.Rezer, S. M.Increase of efficiency of container and piggyback transportation in multimodal traffic [Povyshenie effektivnosti organizacii kontejnernyh i kontrejlernyh perevozok v mul'timodal'nyh soobshhenijah].Ekspedirovanie i logistika, 2015, Iss.1, p.11. 8.State report «On the state and protection of environment in the Russian Federation» [Gosudarstvennyj doklad «O sostojanii i ob ohrane okruzhajushhej sredy Rossijskoj Federacii»] [Electronic source]: http://www.mnr.gov.ru/regulatory/list.php?part=1101.Last accessed 05.10.2015. 9.Basics of the state policy in the field of environmental development in Russia until 2030 [Osnovy gosudarstvennoj politiki v oblasti jekologicheskogo razvitija Rossii na period do 2030 goda].[Electronic source]: http://www.kremlin.ru/ acts/15177.Last accessed 05.10.2015. ; Текст аннотации на англ. языке и полный текст статьи на англ. языке находится в прилагаемом файле ПДФ (англ. версия следует после русской версии).Логистическое сопровождение товаропотоков в условиях глобального по своей сути рынка приводит к осознанию новых потребностей. Одна из них - активизация природоохранных ресурсов, обеспечение экологически безопасной транспортировки грузов потребителю. В статье рассмотрены необходимость применения, принципы и целевые установки технологий «зелёной» логистики, способствующих экологической безопасности транспорта, повышению социальной ответственности, конкурентоспособности экономических субъектов сферы грузовых и пассажирских перевозок.
The global spread of coronavirus infection has given States the task of taking decisive measures to respond quickly and on a large scale to the challenge of existing management systems. China has demonstrated successful mobilization mechanisms to combat the negative effects of the pandemic: the necessary measures have been taken to inform the population and stop panic, control and prevent coronavirus, and mitigate the impact on the economy. However, the weak side was the inability to take priority measures in the face of uncertainty, which did not prevent the development of the epidemic at its initial stage. This provoked a search for those responsible among the Chinese leadership, becoming another source of tension in relations between China and the West. Despite the relative success of the measures taken, the situation in China itself remains tense: it faces challenges to prevent a re-outbreak of infection and to restore the economy in the face of information and economic pressure from the United States. In this context, the authors analyze the features of information support for measures taken in China to combat the spread of coronavirus infection and their impact on the domestic and foreign policy situation.
Purpose: to analyze and assess the main provisions of the medical reform regarding the demographic situation in Ukraine.Materials and Methods. We used healthcare statistics data related to mortality of the population, data of the sociological study of women in Khmelnytskyi region regarding reproduction of population.Results. Today, the demographic situation in Ukraine is characterized by such a negative phenomenon as signicant excess of deaths over births. What is the reason for this catastrophic phenomenon? Political, social, economic, medical problems are mentioned. Medical reform does not solve the problems of depopulation.Conclusion. Presently, the medical reform does not pay due attention to the problems of reproduction of the Ukrainian population. ; Мета. Проаналізувати і дати оцінку основним положенням медичної реформи стосовно демографічної ситуації в Україні.Матеріали і методи. Використані дані галузевої статистики, щодо смертності населення, дані соціологічного опитування жінок Хмельницької області, щодо відтворення людності.Результати На даний час демографічна ситуація в Україні характеризується таким негативним явищем, як значне перевищення смертності над народжуваністю. В чім причина цього катастрофічного явища? Називаються політичні, соціальні, економічні, медичні проблеми. Медична реформа на даний час не вирішує проблем депопуляції людності.
Purpose: to analyze and assess the main provisions of the medical reform regarding the demographic situation in Ukraine.Materials and Methods. We used healthcare statistics data related to mortality of the population, data of the sociological study of women in Khmelnytskyi region regarding reproduction of population.Results. Today, the demographic situation in Ukraine is characterized by such a negative phenomenon as signicant excess of deaths over births. What is the reason for this catastrophic phenomenon? Political, social, economic, medical problems are mentioned. Medical reform does not solve the problems of depopulation.Conclusion. Presently, the medical reform does not pay due attention to the problems of reproduction of the Ukrainian population. ; Мета. Проаналізувати і дати оцінку основним положенням медичної реформи стосовно демографічної ситуації в Україні.Матеріали і методи. Використані дані галузевої статистики, щодо смертності населення, дані соціологічного опитування жінок Хмельницької області, щодо відтворення людності.Результати На даний час демографічна ситуація в Україні характеризується таким негативним явищем, як значне перевищення смертності над народжуваністю. В чім причина цього катастрофічного явища? Називаються політичні, соціальні, економічні, медичні проблеми. Медична реформа на даний час не вирішує проблем депопуляції людності.
In this paper, we consider the manifestation of a human rights based approach to health in the official, everyday and expert discourses of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors analyzed the perceptions of the right to health in general and the right to health care services both in scholarly research and international intergovernmental documents. The study also involved data from official websites, media materials, interviews with experts, and the results of monitoring social media. All three discourses contain problems with access to medical care in the regions and rural areas, as well as obstacles to access to medications. Official discourse is more sensitive to the problem of the lack of medical professionals than to the problem of their qualification. The following conclusions of the human rights-based approach to health are implemented to a greater or lesser extent in the Republic of Kazakhstan: principles of accountability, non-discrimination, accessibility, acceptability and quality.
The study contains the main approaches to the determination of various institutions affecting Russian accounting from the standpoint of their formal and informal types. In modern conditions, the economic actions of a subject must be matched to external factors that determine the correctness of economic decision-making, as well as consistency and the development of correct patterns and behavior algorithms that are most effective for each specific situation. Through the institutional analysis, the authors have identified several inconsistencies in the regulatory framework of related institutions and suggested ways to eliminate these disparities. Inter-institutional discrepancies have been found between law and accounting institutions, indicating non-compliance in the accounting practice of the substance over form principle, between recognition in the bookkeeping and tax accounting of the transfer of assets and liabilities ownership, as well as differences in the recording of investment real estate in the financial statements according to IFRS institutions and Russian national standards. ; peer-reviewed
