Suchergebnisse

Die Gesellschaften der Nationalstaaten haben völlig unterschiedliche Institutionen zur Regelung ihrer jeweiligen staatlichen Aufgaben herausgebildet. Während die Regierungsinstitutionen moderner internationaler Gesellschaften auf internationalem Vertragsrechts und multilateralen Regelungen basiert, war im antiken Griechenland keine Form solcher Institutionen zu erkennen. Und trotzdem entwickelten die Staaten ein erfolgreiches funktionsfähiges System, um innerstaatliche Fragen und Aufgaben zu regeln. Da bisher keine der internationalen Theorien dieses Phänomen erklären kann, entwickelt der Artikel einen neuen Erklärungsansatz über die Entstehung fundamentaler Institutionen. Staaten und Gesellschaften sind demnach durch drei Faktoren grundsätzlich geformt: den Glauben an die moralischen Absichten der Staaten, dem Prinzip der Souveränität und einer Norm in Bezug auf prozeduralen Rechtsfragen. Diese Faktoren beeinflussen und leiten institutionelle Handlungen und entwickeln sich - je nach der Ausprägung der jeweiligen Gesellschaft - jeweils unterschiedlich (SWP-Fnk)

AbstractBackground:Technological progress has enabled researchers to use new unobtrusive measures of relationships between actors in social network analysis. However, research on how these unobtrusive measures of peer connections relate to traditional sociometric nominations in adolescents is scarce. Therefore, the current study compared traditional peer nominated networks with more unobtrusive measures of peer connections: Communication networks that consist of instant messages in an online social platform and proximity networks based on smartphones' Bluetooth signals that measure peer proximity. The three social network types were compared in their coverage, stability, overlap, and the extent to which the networks exhibit the often observed sex segregation in adolescent social networks.Method:Two samples were derived from theMyMovezproject: a longitudinal sample of 444 adolescents who participated in the first three waves of the first year of the project (Y1; 51% male;Mage= 11.29,SDage= 1.26) and a cross-sectional sample of 774 adolescents that participated in fifth wave in the third year (Y3; 48% male;Mage= 10.76,SDage= 1.23). In the project, all participants received a research smartphone and a wrist-worn accelerometer. On the research smartphone, participants received daily questionnaires such as peer nomination questions (i.e., nominated network). In addition, the smartphone automatically scanned for other smartphones via Bluetooth signal every 15 minutes of the day (i.e., proximity network). In the Y3 sample, the research smartphone also had a social platform in which participants could send messages to each other (i.e., communication network).Results:The results show that nominated networks provided data for the most participants compared to the other two networks, but in these networks, participants had the lowest number of connections with peers. Nominated networks showed to be more stable over time compared to proximity or communication networks. That is, more connections remained the same in nominated networks than in proximity networks over the three waves of Y1. The overlap between the three networks was rather small, indicating that the networks measured different types of connections. Nominated and communication networks were segregated by sex, whereas this was less the case in proximity networks.Conclusion:The communication and proximity networks seem to be promising unobtrusive measures of peer connections and are less of a burden to the participant compared to a nominated network. However, given the structural differences between the networks and the number of connections per wave, the communication and proximity networks should not be used as direct substitutes for sociometric nominations, and researchers should bear in mind what type of connections they wish to assess.

The recolonization of wolves in European human-dominated landscapes poses a conservation challenge to protect this species and manage conflicts. The question of how humans can co-exist with large carnivores often triggers strong emotions. Here we provide an objective, science-based discussion on possible management approaches. Using existing knowledge on large carnivore management from Europe and other parts of the globe, we develop four potential wolf management scenarios; 1) population control, 2) protection and compensation, 3) fencing, 4) managing behaviour of wolf and man. For each scenario, we discuss its impact on wolf ecology, its prospects of reducing wolf-human conflicts and how it relates to current European legislation. Population control and fencing of local wolf populations are problematic because of their ecological impacts and conflicts with European legislation. In contrast, a no-interference approach does not have these problems but will likely increase human-wolf conflicts. Despite the large challenges in European, human-dominated landscapes, we argue that wolf management must focus on strengthening the separation between humans and wolves by influencing behaviour of wolves and humans on a fine spatio-temporal scale to prevent and reduce conflicts. As separation also demands a sufficiently large wild prey base, we urge restoring natural ungulate populations, to reduce human-wolf conflicts. Mutual avoidance provides the key to success, and is critical to avoid creating the conditions for reinstating wolf persecution as the default policy in Europe.