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Background -- Crime, Social Attitudes, and Causation Theories -- Probation and Parole -- Punishment versus Treatment -- Problems and Issues in Corrections -- General Treatment Approaches -- Treatment Modalities—Problems and Issues -- Schools of Casework and Therapy -- Group Therapies: Traditional and Innovative -- Specific Treatment Approaches -- Drug Addiction, Crime, and Treatment -- Sexual Offenses and Their Treatment -- The Violent Offender -- Alcoholism and Crime -- Crime and Marital Problems, and the Female Offender -- Gambling, White-Collar Crime, and Organized Crime -- New Directions -- Current Trends in Corrections -- Research in Corrections -- Summary and Sources.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted among employees of a large newspaper company (1) to define the type of ocular and somatic complaints reported by video display terminal (VDT) users and to identify their relationship to VDT use, (2) to determine the association between symptoms and the participants' adequacy of correction of refractive errors for their jobs, and (3) to assess the prevalence of eye abnormalities, especially cataracts, and their relationship to VDT use. Poor visual clarity of the VDT screen explained the plurality of work-associated symptoms. These associations were independent of the effects of potential confounding variables. The relationships with headaches associated with work and changes in visual function were replicated in a small, independent sample. One qualitative and two quantitative VDT-use variables that suggested lesser skill or experience were associated with headaches. No meaningful relationship was found between adequacy of the participants' refractions, including the wearing of glasses with bi-or multifocal lenses, and the reporting of work-associated symptoms. No significant association was found between VDT use and the prevalence of eye abnormalities, including cataracts.