Biofuels, Air Pollution, and Health: A Global Review
In: Modern Perspectives in Energy
1. Recognition of the Problem: Views from Several Angles -- 1.1. Global Patterns of Fuel Use -- 1.2. Biofuel Combustion and Air Pollution -- 1.3. Indoor Air Pollution -- 1.4. A Synthesis -- 1.5. The Purpose and Organization of This Book -- 2. The Pollutants and Their Emission Factors -- 2.1. Traditional Biofuel Usage -- 2.2. Environmental Characteristics of Indicator Pollutants -- 2.3. Measured Emission Factors -- 2.4. Comparisons with Cigarette Smoke -- 3. Ventilation and Concentrations -- 3.1. Concentration Estimates: Simple Mathematical Models -- 3.2. Concentration Estimates: Complex Models -- 3.3. Measured Concentrations -- 3.4. Ambient Concentrations of Pollutants in Rural Areas -- 3.5. Concentrations Elsewhere and Air Quality Standards -- 3.6. Comparisons with Cigarette Smoke -- 4. Exposures and Doses to Individuals and Populations -- 4.1. Estimates of Integrated Individual Exposures -- 4.2. Individual Dose Comparisons -- 4.3. Population Doses -- 4.4. Population Dose Commitments -- 4.5. Comparison with Doses from Cigarette Smoking -- 5. Estimating Health Effects by Extrapolation -- 5.1. Epidemiological Studies -- 5.2. Evidence from the Literature on Smoking and Health -- 5.3. Other Lines of Evidence -- 5.4. Conclusion to Extrapolation -- 6. Health Effects: Direct Evidence -- 6.1. Domestic Smoke Exposures: The Epidemiological Literature -- 6.2. Nepal -- 6.3. Developed Countries -- 6.4. Conclusions -- 7. Calculated Risks and Cold Reality -- 7.1. Sources of Ill-health in Developing Countries -- 7.2. Priorities for Research -- 7.3. Anecdotal Evidence -- 8. Reducing Exposures: Fuels and Stoves -- 8.1. Stove Efficiencies -- 8.2. Fuel Characteristics Affecting Emissions -- 8.3. Stove Design and Operating Characteristics -- 8.4. Comparisons -- 8.5. Fuel and Stove: A Tentative Summary -- 9. Other Remedies -- 9.1. Kerosene: The Fuel of Development -- 9.2. Upgraded Biofuels -- 9.3. Flue Gas Control -- 9.4. Ventilation Improvements -- 9.5. Loss of Smoke's Benefits -- 9.6. Conclusion -- 10. Policy Implications -- 10.1. Rural Energy Policies -- 10.2. Rural Economic Development -- 10.3. The Status of Women -- 10.4. Public Health and Medical Care Delivery -- 10.5. Pollution Control Programs -- 10.6. The Economics of Amelioration -- 10.7. Making Choices: The Bright and Dark Sides of Small is Beautiful -- Appendix A: What Happens When Wood Burns? -- Appendix B: Energy and Moisture Content in Wood -- Appendix C: Personal and Portable Monitors for Major Biofuel Air Pollutants -- Appendix D: Health Status of Rural Women in India (by Jamuna Ramakrishna) -- Appendix E: Information Sources on Biofuel-Fired LDC Cookstoves -- References.
