Suchergebnisse

Temporal stability of ecosystem functioning increases the predictability and reliability of ecosystem services, and understanding the drivers of stability across spatial scales is important for land management and policy decisions. We used species-level abundance data from 62 plant communities across five continents to assess mechanisms of temporal stability across spatial scales. We assessed how asynchrony (i.e. different units responding dissimilarly through time) of species and local communities stabilised metacommunity ecosystem function. Asynchrony of species increased stability of local communities, and asynchrony among local communities enhanced metacommunity stability by a wide range of magnitudes (1–315%); this range was positively correlated with the size of the metacommunity. Additionally, asynchronous responses among local communities were linked with species' populations fluctuating asynchronously across space, perhaps stemming from physical and/or competitive differences among local communities. Accordingly, we suggest spatial heterogeneity should be a major focus for maintaining the stability of ecosystem services at larger spatial scales. ; Fil: Wilcox, Kevin R. Oklahoma State University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Tredennick, Andrew T. State University of Utah; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Koerner, Sally E. University of North Carolina; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Grman, Emily. Eastern Michigan University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Hallett, Lauren M. University of Oregon; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Avolio, Meghan L. University Johns Hopkins; Estados Unidos ; Fil: La Pierre, Kimberly J. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Houseman, Gregory R. Wichita State University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Forest, Isbell. University of Minnesota; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Johnson, David Samuel. Virginia Institute of Marine Science; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Alatalo, Juha M. Qatar University; Qatar ; Fil: Baldwin, Andrew H. University of Maryland; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Bork, Edward W. University of Alberta; Canadá ; Fil: Boughton, Elizabeth H. MacArthur Agroecology Research Center; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Bowman, William D. University of Colorado; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Britton, Andrea J. James Hutton Institute; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Cahill, James F. University of Alberta; Canadá ; Fil: Collins, Scott L. University of New Mexico; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Du, Guozhen. Lanzhou University; China ; Fil: Eskelinen, Anu. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research; Alemania. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; Alemania. University of Oulu; Finlandia ; Fil: Gough, Laura. Towson University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Jentsch, Anke. University of Bayreuth; Alemania ; Fil: Kern, Christel. United States Forest Service; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Klanderud, Kari. Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Noruega ; Fil: Knapp, Alan K. Colorado State University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Kreyling, Juergen. Greifswald University; Alemania ; Fil: Luo, Yiqi. Oklahoma State University; Estados Unidos. Northern Arizona University; Estados Unidos. Tsinghua University; China ; Fil: McLaren, James E. University of Texas at El Paso; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Megonigal, Patrick. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Onipchenko, Vladimir. Moscow State Lomonosov University; Rusia ; Fil: Prevéy, Janet. Pacific Northwest Research Station; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Price, Jodi N. Charles Sturt University; Australia ; Fil: Robinson, Clare H. University of Manchester; Reino Unido ; Fil: Sala, Osvaldo Esteban. Arizona State University; Estados Unidos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina ; Fil: Smith, Melinda D. Colorado State University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A. Leiden University; Países Bajos ; Fil: Souza, Lara. Oklahoma State University; Estados Unidos ; Fil: Tilman, David. University of Minnesota; Estados Unidos ; Fil: White, Shannon R. Government of Alberta; Canadá ; Fil: Xu, Zhuwen. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China ; Fil: Yahdjian, María Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina ; Fil: Yu, Qiang. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; China ; Fil: Zhang, Pengfei. Lanzhou University; China ; Fil: Zhang, Yunhai. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China. University Aarhus; Dinamarca

Direct quantification of terrestrial biosphere responses to global change is crucial for projections of future climate change in Earth system models. Here, we synthesized ecosystem carbon-cycling data from 1,119 experiments performed over the past four decades concerning changes in temperature, precipitation, CO2 and nitrogen across major terrestrial vegetation types of the world. Most experiments manipulated single rather than multiple global change drivers in temperate ecosystems of the USA, Europe and China. The magnitudes of warming and elevated CO2 treatments were consistent with the ranges of future projections, whereas those of precipitation changes and nitrogen inputs often exceeded the projected ranges. Increases in global change drivers consistently accelerated, but decreased precipitation slowed down carbon-cycle processes. Nonlinear (including synergistic and antagonistic) effects among global change drivers were rare. Belowground carbon allocation responded negatively to increased precipitation and nitrogen addition and positively to decreased precipitation and elevated CO2. The sensitivities of carbon variables to multiple global change drivers depended on the background climate and ecosystem condition, suggesting that Earth system models should be evaluated using site-specific conditions for best uses of this large dataset. Together, this synthesis underscores an urgent need to explore the interactions among multiple global change drivers in under-represented regions such as semi-arid ecosystems, forests in the tropics and subtropics, and Arctic tundra when forecasting future terrestrial carbon-climate feedback. ; National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China [31430015, 31830012]; US NSFNational Science Foundation (NSF) [DEB-0955771]; ClimMani COST actionEuropean Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) [ES1308] ; We thank J. Wang (Hebei University), S. Yang (Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences), L. Zhou (East China Normal University), C. Qiao (Xinyang Normal University) and H. Li (Henan University) for their help in meta-analyses and interaction analyses, and H. Li, Y. Liu (Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences) and Y. He (Peking University) for their help in plotting figures. This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 31430015 and 31830012). This study emerged from the INTERFACE Workshop in Beijing, China (https://www.bio.purdue.edu/INTERFACE/) supported by the US NSF DEB-0955771. We also acknowledge support from the ClimMani COST action (ES1308). ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee