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The socionatural system is an organizing concept in anthropological human ecology in which human & environmental factors are analyzed within the same frame of reference; this approach eschews disciplinary compartmentalization. The plantation system of coastal Guatemala is analyzed empirically as a total human environmental system. The model that emerges is termed the central-satellite plantation system, consisting of centrales (factories-in-the-field) that process raw sugar or other export commodities, surrounded by satellite plantations of varying sizes owned by absentee landlords. Considerable physical intimidation is used to prevent the development of labor unions or other forms of political organization. The result is a cheap & disorganized LF that produces a high yield for an Ur elite, but with the consequences of damage to the human communities & to the environment of the Guatemalan coast. The central-satellite plantation system underlies the structural instability of Guatemalan society & is partially responsible for the current violence. 1 Map, Appendix. AA.

On behalf of CPS Energy, Pape-Dawson Engineers (Pape-Dawson) conducted an intensive archaeological survey of the Calaveras Power Station proposed improvement areas in east San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. The property improvements will consist of a series of evaporation ponds, the location of which has not yet been determined. Vertical depths of impacts are anticipated to extend up to 20 feet (ft) (6 meters [m]) below the ground surface. The current project area comprises two tracts of land totaling approximately 228 acres (92 hectares [ha]). As CPS Energy is a political subdivision of the state of Texas, compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas (ACT) will be necessary. No federal funding or permitting is anticipated, so compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) will not be required. Pape-Dawson archaeologists conducted field investigations within the project area intermittently from April 1 through August 15, 2019. A total of 164 shovel tests was excavated, 28 of which were positive for cultural resources. One isolated find was recorded, and nine sites were revisited (Sites 41BX722, 41BX723, 41BX725, 41BX728, 41BX739, 41BX740, 41BX741, 41BX742, and 41BX745). No new archaeological sites were recorded. The isolated find consisted of a single secondary flake. All revisited sites were prehistoric with an undetermined temporal affiliation, although site 41BX722 also has an unknown historic component. Sites 41BX722, 41BX723, and 41BX741 consist of primarily surficial lithic scatters of indeterminate temporal affiliation. Site 41BX722 also contains historic rock alignments on either side of a road, and site recorders observed a flake and three pieces of fire cracked rock (FCR) from 0-10 centimeters below ground surface (cmbs). No artifacts or features were observed at any of these sites during the current revisit. Site 41BX725 is a prehistoric lithic scatter of undetermined temporal affiliation. Current investigations documented lithic shatter, a few flakes, and FCR from 0-60 cmbs. Cultural materials extended deeper than 20 cmbs in only two shovel tests. Nearly half of the artifacts recovered from shovel tests were from the upper 10 cm of soil. No diagnostic artifacts or features were observed at this site. Site 41BX728 is a lithic scatter and possible lithic procurement site of undetermined temporal affiliation. During the current investigations, a single chert scraper was found at approximately 50 cmbs. No diagnostic artifacts or features were observed at this site. Only a small section of this previously recorded site extends into the current project area. Originally recorded as a lithic scatter from an unknown time period, site 41BX739 was combined with site 41BX740 (also a lithic scatter) during the current revisit due to the presence of artifacts between the two site boundaries. Surface artifacts included two bifaces, two tested cobbles, 4 primary flakes, twelve secondary flakes, three tertiary flakes, 3 cores, two core fragments, and a piece of chert shatter. Subsurface artifacts were found between 0-50 cmbs, but these deeper deposits were observed in areas of colluvial deposition. Site 41BX742 is a campsite of indeterminate temporal affiliation. The current survey found subsurface deposits that included two primary flakes, charcoal, shatter, and FCR from 0-40 cmbs. An informal end scraper and three pieces of FCR were also observed on surface. Site 41BX745 is a lithic scatter and campsite that is a State Antiquities Landmark (SAL) and potentially eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The original work revealed cultural deposits were present deeper than 90 cmbs, and noted lithic debitage and FCR at the site. As only a sliver of the site extended into the current project area, a single shovel test was excavated and found to be negative for cultural materials. No artifacts were observed on surface. Due to the lack of artifacts and features at 41BX722, 41BX723, and 41BX741, the portions of these sites that are within the current project area are recommended ineligible for SAL designation. In addition, for the portion of 41BX728 within the project area and for site 41BX742, the paucity of artifacts and lack of features suggest the they are not eligible for SAL designation. Although slightly more deeply buried deposits exist at sites 41BX725 and 41BX740, the deeper deposits were in colluvial settings, and the lack of diagnostic artifacts and features suggest neither site is eligible for listing as a SAL. Site 41BX745 is listed as a SAL. Archaeologists recommend the portion of 41BX745 within the project area to be eligible as a SAL and recommend avoidance for the part of this site that extends into the current project area. Although the sites (or portions of sites) within the current project area do not appear to meet the criteria to be listed as SALs (with the exception of site 41BX745), several of these sites extend outside the current project area. As a result, while Pape-Dawson archaeologists recommend no further work for these sites within the project area, they also recommend that if impacts will occur outside current project area boundaries, these sites be revisited. Site 41BX745 should be avoided by construction due to its SAL status. Within the current project area, if evidence of cultural material is encountered during construction, it is recommended that all work in the vicinity should cease and the CPS archaeologist be contacted. No artifacts were collected , but records and photographs will be curated at the Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) in San Antonio, Texas.

Discusses how many competitive initiatives have been implemented in the quest for competitive advantage; however, these initiatives have frequently failed to yield the sought after improvements in firm competitiveness. Part of the implementation problem is that strategic initiatives often lack the organizational support needed for success. To understand the linkage better between strategic intent and value‐added performance, looks at the relationships that exist between strategy, measurement, and operational performance. Reveals that significant gaps exist between selected strategic priorities and both measurement capabilities and performance. Suggests expanding measurement horizons to include a broader range of non‐traditional measures. By increasing strategic alignment companies can expect to increase their competitive performance.

Notes the various factors, e.g. increased domestic production costs, which have led many US firms to pursue production sharing efforts in overseas regions. Also that areas having attractive trade relationships with the USA have become particularly favourable locations for investment in production facilities catering to export markets. Cites the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), established in 1982, as one trade agreement which has resulted in increased production sharing ventures due to liberal import‐export legislation. Notes, however, that these overseas facilities, traditionally are characterized by increased transportation costs and related logistics problems. Investigates the current logistics performance within the value‐added strategies of North American firms operating in the Caribbean Basin. A survey of corporate managers responsible for strategic business unit operations was conducted in order to understand better the relative importance of logistics related priorities and information gathering capabilities, the nature of production sharing within the CBI, and the logistics performance of the firms within this region. Discusses managerial implications and conclusions.

The growth of production‐sharing activities in Mexico has
highlighted the need to explore the nature and competitive impact of
production sharing. Presents and discusses some of the experiences firms
can expect to encounter in Mexican operations. Uses an interview
methodology to collect data regarding key manufacturing and logistics
issues. Chooses to take an integrated approach that looks at both
manufacturing and logistics at the same time because important cost and
performance trade‐offs exist that influence the long‐term attractiveness
of Mexican operations. Discovers tremendous diversity existing in almost
all operating areas and that progress is being made towards the
establishment of world‐class logistics and manufacturing practices.

ObjectiveInvestigation of whether the characteristics (i.e., gender especially) of fatherhood program facilitators influence dynamics in group sessions and program outcomes.BackgroundWithin the past decade, policy initiatives have spurred an increase in fatherhood programs. As a result, empirically examining the factors that support effective programming is essential. Previous research highlights program facilitator characteristics as one of these factors but facilitator gender is one characteristic that needs more attention.MethodsThis study used data from six focus groups conducted with 40 fathers and one‐on‐one interviews with five fatherhood program group facilitators in a western U.S. urban community.ResultsOur findings revealed that fathers care deeply about learning how to be better fathers and that having female facilitators lead program sessions can promote qualitatively different skills in fathers relative to male facilitators. Results also lend support to program structures where male and female facilitators colead group sessions together.ConclusionsThe characteristics of the session facilitator can change both the dynamics of the conversations in the session and the nature of the skills that are produced among participating fathers.ImplicationsFatherhood program administrators may want to think critically not only about what content they want to deliver in their programs but also about the characteristics of the facilitator(s) delivering the content and how the latter can potentially influence program outcomes.