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J P SARTRES INTEREST IN HISTORIOGRAPHY GREW FROM HIS CONCERN TO KNOW HISTORY IN ORDER TO INFLUENCE ITS COURSE. SARTRE WAS ELABORATING HIS THEORY OF HISTORY DURING THE PERIOD OF FRENCH WARS OF DECOLONIZATION; NATURALLY, THEN, HE SHARPENED HIS TOOLS OF ANALYSIS BY USING THEM AGAINST THE PROBLEMS OF HIS TIME

THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES THE EVOLUTION OF THE BOLSHEVIK CONCEPTION OF TERROR, OUT OF ITS JACOBIN ORIGINS IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, AS A MISTAKEN RESPONSE TO THE EXIGENCIES OF "PERMANENT REVOLUTION" DURING THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION. IT SHOWS THAT, FAR FROM APPROVING OF SUCH AN ANTI-ETHOS, MARX AND ENGELS THEMSELVES, ALONG WITH OTHERS, POSSESSED A VERY POWERFUL CRITIQUE OF IT. IT THEN EXPLORES THIS CRITIQUE AND, IN THE PROCESS, EXAMINES ITS MERITS. IT DISCUSSES THE CLASSICAL MARXIST AND LUXEMBURGIST ALTERNATIVE TO THE STATIST VERSION OF TERROR ADVOCATED BY THE BOLSHEVIKS, AND EXPLORES THE VIABILITY OF THIS CLASSICAL, DEMOCRATIC MODEL FOR REVOLUTION.

OBJECTIVE--To determine the rate of pregnancy and outcome in teenagers in areas of different socioeconomic conditions, and to assess the implication for achievement of government and local targets in reducing unwanted pregnancies in teenagers. DESIGN--Records of pregnancies were obtained from hospital discharge files and rates of live and still births and abortions calculated for each postcode sector. Postcodes were grouped by categories of deprivation and by local government district. SETTING--Tayside, Scotland. SUBJECTS--Teenage girls admitted to National Health Service hospitals for delivery or abortion in 1980-90. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Conception in girls aged under 16 by area of residence and relative proportion leading to live births or terminations. Rate of different outcomes in girls under the age of 20 by area of residence. RESULTS--The pregnancy rate in girls aged under 16 was three times as high, and in all girls under 20 six times as high in the most deprived areas as in the most affluent areas. The proportion of teenage pregnancies ending in abortions was higher in the affluent areas, where two out of three ended in abortion compared with one out of four in the deprived areas. CONCLUSIONS--Although there was a higher pregnancy rate in teenagers in more deprived areas, the proportion ending in abortion was greater in more affluent areas, possibly due to social and parental pressure. The wide geographical variation in patterns of teenage pregnancy indicates the need for a small area rather than a regional approach to setting targets and devising measures of achieving them.