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Through the vantage point of institutions of higher learning, Utah's distinction as a politically conservative state dominated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is examined during the Vietnam War era. The three universities in the study-Brigham Young University, University of Utah, and Utah State University- are the three oldest and most populous universities in the state. This thesis concentrates on these three institutions and less on the politics of the state at the time. Studies showed that the universities, to varying degrees, exhibited antiwar sentiment Still, the campuses were less active in opposing the war, drawing only a very small percentage of students to demonstrations. Brigham Young University's President, Ernest L. Wilkinson (1951-1971), vigorously guarded against signs of antiwar activity. He was involved in the 1966 spy ring, which organized students for surveillance of supposedly liberal faculty. Students who appeared to be antiwar were also scrutinized. Despite the negative sanctions on such students, a minority of pupils did oppose the war and Wilkinson's tactics. The University of Utah produced the highest number of protesters, largely because of its more diverse and urban population. Many of the demonstrators at the U of U continued as activists in the Salt Lake Valley into the 1990s. Utah State University echoed the U of U, but to a lesser extent. Still, underground newspapers and an organized antiwar political party showed that USU also had a movement against the war. The administrations of the two schools figure into the text less powerfully than BYU's Wilkinson because they failed to become as involved in the debate. Oral interviews dominate this thesis. Subjects were chosen according to their involvement in particular events or movements. Student newspapers and underground newspapers were also utilized. This thesis attempted to recreate a tumultuous and turbulent time in American history. Utah's unique cultural slant showed that the Beehive State could not isolate itself from international events but also responded in its own way.

Background: Health behaviors and cardiometabolic disease risk factors may differ between military and civilian populations; therefore, in U.S. active duty military personnel, we assessed relationships between demographic characteristics, self-reported health behaviors, and doctor-informed medical conditions. ; Keywords: Army, Navy, Air force, Marine corps, Coast guard, Cardiometabolic risk, Exercise, Sleep, Survey. ; Springer Open.

OBJECTIVES: Acute bouts of sleep restriction (SR) are unavoidable in certain populations (e.g., military personnel and first responders), and impairs immune function as evidenced by delays in skin barrier recovery of experimental wounds by ∼1 day. To what extent this impairment can be mitigated by nutritional supplementation is less clear. We tested the efficacy of a multi-nutrient beverage and additional protein on wound healing in response to acute SR. METHODS: In this single-blind, cross-over study, wounds were created in healthy adults by removing the top layer of ≤ 8 forearm blisters (∼30 mm(2)) induced via suction on Day 2 of 72-h SR (lab monitored, 2-h nightly sleep). A controlled, isocaloric diet was provided during SR with either 0.9 g · kg(−1) · d(−1) protein plus placebo (PLA) or 1.5 g · kg(−1) · d(−1) protein plus multi-nutrient beverage (NUT; L-arginine: 20 g · d(−1), L-glutamine: 30 g · d(−1), omega-3 fatty acids: 1 g · d(−1), zinc sulfate: 24 mg · d(−1), vitamin D3: 800 IU · d(−1) and vitamin C: 400 mg · d(−1)). For 4 days following SR, participants were instructed to continue with the respective PLA or NUT treatment. Protein prescription and beverage components were based on data from clinical settings that have shown benefits related to postsurgical infectious complications and wound healing disorders. Skin barrier restoration was assessed by transepidermal water loss, measured daily until values were within 90% of unbroken skin. RESULTS: Twenty participants completed PLA and NUT (18 M/2F; 19.7 ± 2.3 years [mean ± SD]), Body weight change was not different during PLA and NUT (–0.06 ± 0.88 kg and −0.12 ± 1.54 kg, respectively, P = 0.90) and dietary protein intake during and after SR was 1.08 ± 0.28 g · kg(−1) · d(−1) and 1.44 ± 0.27 g · kg(−1) · d(−1), respectively. Compliance with study beverages was ∼95%. Skin barrier recovery time was shorter for NUT (4.29 ± 1.17 days) compared to PLA (5.48 ± 1.30 days) (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Supplemental nutrition may be beneficial for mitigating delays in ...

OBJECTIVES: Secretory IgA (SIgA) is a critical component of mucosal immunity and a first line of defense against pathogens. Intense physical exercise, lack of sleep, and inadequate energy intake are frequently observed during military training and operations. These factors are associated with a decline in SIgA and may increase the risk of infection; however, to what degree each of these factors contributes to immune dysfunction is unclear. This study aimed to determine the effect of severe energy deficit on mucosal immunity (SIgA) during a multi-day period of intense training. METHODS: The parent study was a randomized, crossover trial in healthy males (n = 10, 22.4 ± 5.4 y, 87.3 ± 10.9 kg) to assess the effect of severe negative energy balance on inflammation, iron absorption, and other physiological and cognitive outcomes during a simulated sustained military operation (SUSOPS; high energy expenditure with repeated bouts of intense exercise). Participants completed two SUSOPS trials and were randomized to consume ± 10% of estimated total daily energy expenditure (TDEE, energy balance) or 45% of TDEE (energy deficit). At 0500 on each SUSOPS day (D1: baseline, D2:24 h, D3:48 h), participants placed polyester oral swabs under their tongue for 3-mins. A second swab was collected (i.e., placed under the tongue until saturation) to ensure adequate sample volume. SIgA secretion rate (μg/min) was calculated from SIgA concentration (μg/mL; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and salivary flow rate (mL/min). Dependent variables were log10 transformed due to non-normal distribution and data were analyzed using linear mixed models. RESULTS: Independent of treatment, a main effect of time (P = 0.01) was observed where SIgA secretion rate declined by 20% from D2 [1.77 ± 0.34 μg/min] to D3 [1.41 ± 0.51 μg/min], P = 0.001, with no significant treatment by time interactions. A main effect of time (P = 0.01) was also found wherein SIgA concentration declined by 13% from D2 [2.67 ± 0.32 μg/mL] to D3 [2.33 ± 0.37 μg/mL], P = ...

OBJECTIVES: Sustained negative energy balance during military operations contributes to degradations in physical and cognitive performance. Characterizing the diet-related behaviors and nutrition knowledge of Soldiers who self-select higher energy intakes during military operations may identify strategies for promoting energy balance. This study aimed to identify diet-related behaviors of Soldiers who self-selected higher energy intakes during a simulated military operation. METHODS: Dietary intake and body weight were measured daily in 54 Soldiers (91% male, BMI 25 ± 4 kg/m(2), 25 ± 4 yr) participating in a 3-d military exercise. During the exercise, Soldiers were provided with military rations (2787–3003 kcal/d), and in some cases consumed items from home or mobile catering. Food frequency and nutrition knowledge questionnaires were completed before the exercise to assess diet quality by HEI-2010 total score and nutrition knowledge, respectively, and questionnaires assessing eating behaviors during the exercise were completed daily and after the exercise. Associations between diet quality, nutrition knowledge, and diet-related behaviors with 1) daily energy intake (EI) and 2) weight loss (∆BW) were determined by backwards elimination multiple linear regression. RESULTS: EI (mean ± SD: 1947 ± 627 kcal/d) and ∆BW (−1.4 ± 1.2%) during the exercise were not correlated. After adjusting for baseline BMI, EI was associated with diet quality (β ± SE: 17 ±9 kcal/d, P = 0.07) and eating frequency (170 ± 86 kcal/d, P = 0.06) and more often intentionally eating foods to improve performance (−389 ± 207 kcal/d, P = 0.07) during the exercise (R(2) = 0.27, P = 0.03). In contrast, greater ∆BW was associated only with more often "not allowing myself to eat" certain foods during the exercise (R(2) = 0.11; −0.8 ± 0.4%, P = 0.04). Nutrition knowledge was not a significant predictor in either model. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that self-selected energy intake and body weight loss during military operations may be associated with ...