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This paper outlines, in brief, how a major project to establish a national virtual electronic patient record (EPR) in the Netherlands was cancelled by the Dutch senate, but could restart as a private initiative in an altered form and with a different intention. The infrastructure that was realized to support this virtual EPR - the Landelijk Schakelpunt (LSP, National Interaction Router) - as well as Aorta, the architecture of the information-exchange, could, fortunately, largely be reused. However alterations had to be made. How does this differ from the governmental EPR project and what are the similarities that could be maintained? In the Netherlands, chain-computerisation is a field of research developed by Professor Jan Grijpink at the University of Utrecht. In this paper, we wish to elaborate on a few of his central ideas, namely: that 'the dominant chain problem is the actual 'boss' in the chain' and that one has to 'keep the concept as lean as possible' in order to be successful. Once we adhere to these precepts, we see some major improvements: firstly in the way participants in the chain contribute to the shared goals and, secondly, in the way the infrastructure is set up as a multifunctional platform which can, therefore, more easily meet the practical demands of the participants.This paper is divided into two sections. The first section provides an overview of what preceded and briefly explains what the infrastructure is about. The second section sketches the change of strategic approach in relation to the two above-mentioned precepts in chain-computerisation.

Data from the 1998 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey are used to gain insight into the characteristics of the non-Turkish speaking individuals in Turkey and in the socio-economic consequences of not speaking Turkish for them. The very large majority of non-Turkish speaking individuals turn out to be Kurdish and Arabic women, living in East Turkey and in the countryside. The data indicate that of the married women aged 15-49 in Turkey, about 4 per cent, or one in 25, is not able to speak Turkish. More than 90 per cent of these women has not finished primary education. Regarding their social background, our results suggest that they were more under the influence of traditional cultural values, that their access to the public domain was limited, and that they were more heavily controlled by their family. Regarding the consequences of not speaking Turkish, we found the non-Turkish speaking women to be less employed in the formal economy, to have husbands with lower educational levels and occupations and to have lower family incomes. This result is in line with the predictions of linguistic capital theory.

Data from the Turkish Demographic and Health Surveys are used to study Turkish-Kurdish intermarriage in contemporary Turkey. We find a strong tendency to marry within the own ethnic group (or towards 'ethnic homogamy') which, however, has decreased significantly between the early 1960s and the late 1990s. So, in spite of the conflict in south-eastern Turkey, the groups seem to have grown together somewhat in recent decades. This result remains intact if we control for the difference in group size between the groups and for the presence of educational homogamy. An individual-level analysis shows that most Turkish-Kurdish intermarriage takes place between Kurdish males and Turkish females and that both Turks and Kurds intermarry more in the large cities and in regions where their own group is small. With regard to education, the highest intermarriage tendencies are found among Turks with a low educational level and among Kurds with a high educational level. This finding is in line with social exchange theory.

The first of its kind, this comprehensive Encyclopedia on comparative law takes stock of present-day comparative law scholarship. Written by authorities in their respective fields, the contributions in this accessible book cover not only questions regarding the methodology of comparative law, but also specific areas of law (such as administrative law and criminal law) and specific topics (such as accident compensation and consideration). In addition, the Encyclopedia contains reports on a selected set of countries legal systems and as a whole presents an overview of the current state of affair

The paper analyses the effects of governmental policy in the Netherlands on the formation and development of rural broadband projects. Rural internet access speeds are increasingly falling behind. As a result, the vast majority of Dutch urban households use internet connections faster than those available to their counterparts in remote areas. As demand increases rapidly over time, the experienced deficit will grow rapidly without improvements to rural net-works. This issue has received attention at different levels of government in the Netherlands, where regional and municipal actors have stimulated new broadband network deployment. In this context, the article explores the role of the governmental policy in the rise of these projects and in stimulating new business model development. The paper studies 191 projects in the Netherlands and uses publicly available reports on government spending. The study than focuses on 28 projects in greater detail by using quantitate information gathered via a survey. The analysis shows that a large number of small projects use differing network construction methods and a variety of business models, allowing for some experimentation. In addition, a combination of financial support and actor network build-ing is found to provide advantages to these projects.