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The Lower South Side (or Lower South Providence) is a neighborhood in southern Providence, Rhode Island. It is bounded from Upper South Providence by Public Street to the north, Interstate 95, to the south, and Broad Street, and the Providence River to the west and east respectively. Though often associated closely with Upper South Providence, they are differentiated by location and the far more frequent occurrence in the latter of institutional buildings and space. Originally the area that is now Lower South Providence was pasture land. The area was ceded to the new town of Cranston in 1754 and would not rejoin Providence until 1868. A streetcar added in 1865 ran west along Public Street, and then south down Ocean Street, and would transform the Lower South Side into Providence's first streetcar suburb. In the next ten years, the streets along which the streetcar ran developed quickly. Between 1860 and 1880, as the population of Providence doubled to 104,857, Irish immigrants, which had hitherto been confined further north, began to populate the southern part of Lower South Providence. Because the city of Cranston was traditionally Republican, residents began to fear that a large immigrant population, which overwhelmingly voted Democratic, would undermine its Republican political affiliations. For this reason, Cranston ceded the Lower South Side (along with Washington Park) back to Providence in 1868. ; https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/smolski_images/1272/thumbnail.jpg

The Old State House on College Hill in Providence, Rhode Island, also known as Providence Sixth District Court House, Providence Colony House, Providence County House, or Rhode Island State House is located on 150 Benefit Street. It is a brick Georgian-style building largely completed in 1762, and became the meeting place for the colony and state legislature for 149 years. From colonial times into the mid-nineteenth century, the Rhode Island General Assembly rotated meetings between the state's five county court houses, and five former Rhode Island state houses survive today. In 1760 The General Assembly built the Old State House to replace an earlier wooden courthouse built in 1730 on Meeting Street. It was largely finished by 1762 with some details being completed by 1771. Many of the Georgian architectural details were borrowed from the larger and more ornate Newport Colony House. Before nineteenth century alterations to the Providence State House, the two buildings greatly resembled one another. After 1853 the state legislature ceased meeting at Kent, Washington and Bristol county courthouses, but continued to alternate its sessions between here and the Newport State House in Newport into the early 20th century. At the Old State House on May 4, 1776, the General Assembly declared its independence renouncing its allegiance to the British crown, and the date is now celebrated as Rhode Island Independence Day. Fierce anti-slavery debates occurred in the building in the late 1700s. George Washington visited the building in 1781 and 1790. The building was extensively renovated and dramatically altered several times in the nineteenth century. By 1901 the new Rhode Island State House was occupied on Smith Hill and the legislature vacated the Old State House. The Old State House was used as a Court House until 1975 and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and as part of the College Hill Historic Landmark District in 1971. The building is now home to the Rhode Island Historical Preservation Commission. ; https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/smolski_images/1303/thumbnail.jpg

This State House opened in 1901. The Rhode Island State House is the product of an elaborate competition. Its design came from McKim, Mead and White's office contemporaneously with the firm's Beaux-Arts classical work for the World's Columbian Exposition, and the rather unelaborated plans for the integration of the new State House with the central city were among the first applications of the ideals essayed in the "White City." Programmatically, the building follows the established dome capitol scheme with legislative chambers to either side. ; https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/smolski_images/1133/thumbnail.jpg

The US Geological Survey building in Reston was specially designed for the agencies purposes and opened in 1973. Previously headquarters had been in Washington, D.C. The agency was established in 1879 after a report from the National Academy of Sciences called for a government agency to take inventory of lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase and the Mexican-American War. ; https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/smolski_images/1521/thumbnail.jpg

Tel Aviv quickly earned the nickname the White City, and from this photograph (5 of 6) it's easy to see where it came from. The city's architecture is overwhelmingly in the International and Bauhaus style. The architecture is designed to favor function over form. The functionalism of Tel Aviv's architecture compliments the socialist aesthetic of 1930s and 40s Zionist political mentality. The International style embraced in Tel Aviv is now understood to be a perfect match for the Zionist project. The nickname "White City" is not without controversy, and debates over Tel Aviv's double image as White City and Black City have emerged in recent years. Namely, the term Black City refers to the disadvantaged south. ; https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/smolski_images/1651/thumbnail.jpg

Tel Aviv quickly earned the nickname the White City, and from this photograph (5 of 6) it's easy to see where it came from. The city's architecture is overwhelmingly in the International and Bauhaus style. The architecture is designed to favor function over form. The functionalism of Tel Aviv's architecture compliments the socialist aesthetic of 1930s and 40s Zionist political mentality. The International style embraced in Tel Aviv is now understood to be a perfect match for the Zionist project. The nickname "White City" is not without controversy, and debates over Tel Aviv's double image as White City and Black City have emerged in recent years. Namely, the term Black City refers to the disadvantaged south. ; https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/smolski_images/1653/thumbnail.jpg

This photograph looks toward the New City district of Jerusalem. In contrast to the historical and religiously significant architecture of the old city, the New City's skyline is ripe with modernist architecture and skyscrapers in the international style. New City Jerusalem is also the location of the Israeli parliament and many educational institutions. ; https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/smolski_images/1718/thumbnail.jpg

The Mount of Olives is another highly religious geological point in Israel. Named for the multitude of olive trees that used to habituate the area, the Mount of Olives spans a length of around 2 miles and has its highest point at 818 meters. Several architectural highlights along the space include: the Dome of the Ascension, the Garden of Gethsemane, the Church of Mary Magdalene, and the Dominus Flevit Church. The Mount of Olives is also a holy Jewish cemetery that consists of approximately 150,000 graves. The royal burial ground for important religious and political figures lies at the foot of the Mount near the Silwan village. ; https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/smolski_images/1750/thumbnail.jpg

This 1980 photograph looks into Gwent from the Wales - England border. In 1974 Gwent was made a local government through the Local Government Act of 1972. It was abolished in 1996 under The Local Government Act 1994, which reconstructed Wales into twenty two unitary authority areas. Today Gwent continues to exist as a persevered county in Wales, with only minor border changes to reflect present government boundaries. ; https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/smolski_images/1518/thumbnail.jpg

This photograph (1 of 6) shows the Tel Aviv beach, a major economic asset to the city, which was realized as early as the 1920s. Also pictured is the dense development of architecture in the International and Bauhaus style that have become the image of the city. Tel Aviv quickly earned the nickname the White City, and from this photograph it's easy to see where it came from. The city's architecture is overwhelmingly in the International and Bauhaus style. The architecture is designed to favor function over form. The functionalism of Tel Aviv's architecture compliments the socialist aesthetic of 1930s and 40s Zionist political mentality. The International style embraced in Tel Aviv is now understood to be a perfect match for the Zionist project. The nickname "White City" is not without controversy, and debates over Tel Aviv's double image as White City and Black City have emerged in recent years. Namely, the term Black City referring to the disadvantaged south. ; https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/smolski_images/1641/thumbnail.jpg

Tel Aviv quickly earned the nickname the White City, and from this photograph (2 of 6) it's easy to see where it came from. The city's architecture is overwhelmingly in the International and Bauhaus style. The architecture is designed to favor function over form. The functionalism of Tel Aviv's architecture compliments the socialist aesthetic of 1930s and 40s Zionist political mentality. The International style embraced in Tel Aviv is now understood to be a perfect match for the Zionist project. The nickname "White City" is not without controversy, and debates over Tel Aviv's double image as White City and Black City have emerged in recent years. Namely, the term Black City referring to the disadvantaged south. ; https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/smolski_images/1642/thumbnail.jpg

This photograph shows a Roman style bath built by King Herod at Masada. Masada was one of the fortresses built during Herod's rule in the first century BC. Herod was generally unpopular with the Jews, so perhaps this is why he spent much effort building a luxurious palace at this remote location. About a century later Masada was taken by the Zealots, Jewish rebels against the Roman Empire. They managed to hold the fortress for seven years. The location of the fortress was forgotten for nearly two millennium. These roman style baths were discovered during excavations by the Israeli government in the 1960s. ; https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/smolski_images/1785/thumbnail.jpg

An aerial photograph of the USS Constellation shows it in it's deteriorating condition prior to it's 1990's restoration. The 19th century fighting ship was used in military service through World War II before ending up in Baltimore as a relic. ; https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/smolski_images/1420/thumbnail.jpg

This photograph, taken in the late 1970s, is an aerial view of the Citadel: Military College of South Carolina. The Romanesque design of the buildings was based on the architecture of the Old Citadel, which was designed by Frederick Wesner in 1828. Following Reconstruction the Old Citadel, which had been built in the 1830s in response to a slave revolt, resumed its function as a military college. By World War I, despite numerous structural additions, enrollment had outgrown the building and a new campus was constructed in Charleston. ; https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/smolski_images/1791/thumbnail.jpg

The Citadel is a military college in South Carolina that has it's roots in the nineteenth century, and was originally used by Confederate soldiers in the nineteenth century. Federal troops occupied the original Citadel during the reconstruction until 1879 at which time it returned to use as a military school. The school was relocated to the campus, as pictured, by the banks of the Ashley River in 1922. The architecture at the new Citadel, which occupies several buildings, was based on the Romanaesque design of the original Citadel by Frederick Wesner. ; https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/smolski_images/1794/thumbnail.jpg