Suchergebnisse

The public justification for nature conservation currently rests on two pillars: hedonic (instrumental) values, and moral values. Yet, these representations appear to do little motivational work in practice; biodiversity continues to decline, and biodiversity policies face a wide implementation gap. In seven EU countries, we studied why people act for nature beyond professional obligations. We explore the motivations of 105 committed actors for nature in detail using life-history interviews, and trace these back to their childhood. Results show that the key concept for understanding committed action for nature is meaningfulness. People act for nature because nature is meaningful to them, connected to a life that makes sense and a difference in the world. These eudemonic values (expressing the meaningful life) constitute a crucial third pillar in the justification of nature conservation. Important policy implications are explored, e.g. with respect to public discourse and the encounter with nature in childhood

The public justification for nature conservation currently rests on two pillars: hedonic (instrumental) values, and moral values. Yet these representations appear to do little motivational work in practice; biodiversity continues to decline, and biodiversity policies face a wide implementation gap. In seven EU countries, we studied why people act for nature beyond professional obligations. We explore the motivations of 105 committed actors for nature in detail using life-history interviews, and trace these back to their childhood. Results show that the key concept for understanding committed action for nature is meaningfulness. People act for nature because nature is meaningful to them, connected to a life that makes sense and a difference in the world. These eudemonic values (expressing the meaningful life) constitute a crucial third pillar in the justification of nature conservation. Important policy implications are explored, e.g. with respect to public discourse and the encounter with nature in childhood.

The InSight Mission began acquiring the first seismic data on Mars in early 2019 and has detected hundreds of events. The largest events recorded to date originate at Cerberus Fossae, a young volcanic region characterized by high volume, low viscosity lava flows. A handful of Low Frequency (LF) quakes that share key attributes of Long Period quakes recorded on Earth's volcanoes are also traced to Cerberus Fossae. This study explores whether a traditional volcanic source model that simulates the generation of tremor as pressurized fluid makes its way through a channel at depth, can explain these atypical LF events. We consider a wide range of physical parameters including fluid viscosity, the ratio of driving pressure to lithostatic pressure, aspect ratio of the channel, and the equilibrium channel opening. We find that the model can produce the observed seismic signature, with a combination of low-viscosity magma and high volume flux of similar to 10(4) - 10(5) m(3)/s that are within an order-of-magnitude agreement with Cerberus Fossae lava flow properties deduced from analysis of lava flow dimensions. It is impossible, however, at this stage to conclude whether or not this is a likely explanation for Mars, as the model results in fluxes that are extreme for Earth yet are just within bounds of what has been inferred for Cerberus Fossae. We therefore conclude that we cannot rule out active magma flow as the mechanism responsible for the atypical LF events that likely originate from Cerberus Fossae. ; NASA InSight mission; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; CNESCentre National D'etudes Spatiales; ANRFrench National Research Agency (ANR) [ANR-14-CE36-0012-02, ANR-19-CE31-0008-08]; National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNational Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) ; Published version ; S. Kedar, M. P. Panning, S. E. Smrekar, M. P. Golombek, and W. B. Banerdt were supported by the NASA InSight mission and funds from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. S. D. King was supported by the NASA InSight mission. The French authors acknowledge CNES and ANR (ANR-14-CE36-0012-02 and ANR-19-CE31-0008-08) for their support. The authors acknowledge NASA, CNES, partner agencies and Institutions (UKSA, SSO, DLR; JPL, IPGP-CNRS, ETHZ, IC, MPS-MPG) and the operators of JPL, SISMOC, MSDS, IRIS-DMC, NIED Hi-net, and PDS for providing SEED SEIS data. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Biodiversity loss is a widely debated world problem, with huge economic, social, and environmentally negative consequences. Despite the relevance of this issue, the psychological determinants of committed action towards nature and biodiversity have rarely been investigated. This study aims at identifying a comprehensive social-psychological profile of activists committed to biodiversity protection and at understanding what determinants best predict their activism. A questionnaire investigating relevant social-psychological constructs identified in the literature on environmental activism was administered to 183 outstanding leaders (vs. non-leaders) in biodiversity protection across seven EU countries. Leaders (vs. non-leaders) in biodiversity protection showed, among other constructs, higher scores on environmental values, attitudes, identity, perceived control, a feeling of union and spirituality with nature, and willingness to sacrifice for their cause. Results are discussed within the theoretical framework of a motivation model of committed action for nature and biodiversity protection. Applications of the results are also proposed.

Environmental activism, defined as a range of difficult pro-environmental behaviors, is analyzed within the conceptual framework of Significance Quest Theory (SQT). In Study 1, 40 interviews were carried out on two groups of people in the European Union: Committed Actors for Nature (CANs, n = 25) versus Committed Actors for Society (CASs, n = 15). Results demonstrated that Significance Quest (SQ) motivates each group to be strongly committed to their chosen action and the main difference between them being in their ideology (pro-social vs. pro-environmental). In Study 2 ( N = 131), the relationship between SQ and intention to enact difficult pro-environmental behaviors was assessed. Results suggested that the higher the SQ, the higher the tendency to enact difficult pro-environmental behaviors, but not average or easy ones. Moreover, the higher the pro-environmental ideology, the stronger the indirect effect of SQ on difficult behavior through willingness to sacrifice.

Environmental activism, defined as a range of difficult pro-environmental behaviors, is analyzed within the conceptual framework of Significance Quest Theory (SQT). In Study 1, 40 interviews were carried out on two groups of people in the European Union: Committed Actors for Nature (CANs, n = 25) versus Committed Actors for Society (CASs, n = 15). Results demonstrated that Significance Quest (SQ) motivates each group to be strongly committed to their chosen action and the main difference between them being in their ideology (pro-social vs. pro-environmental). In Study 2 (N = 131), the relationship between SQ and intention to enact difficult pro-environmental behaviors was assessed. Results suggested that the higher the SQ, the higher the tendency to enact difficult pro-environmental behaviors, but not average or easy ones. Moreover, the higher the pro-environmental ideology, the stronger the indirect effect of SQ on difficult behavior through willingness to sacrifice.

Analyses of seismic data from the InSight mission have provided the first in situ constraints on the thickness of the crust of Mars. These crustal thickness constraints are currently limited to beneath the lander that is located in the northern lowlands, and we use gravity and topography data to construct global crustal thickness models that satisfy the seismic data. These models consider a range of possible mantle and core density profiles, a range of crustal densities, a low-density surface layer, and the possibility that the crustal density of the northern lowlands is greater than that of the southern highlands. Using the preferred InSight three-layer seismic model of the crust, the average crustal thickness of the planet is found to lie between 30 and 72 km. Depending on the choice of the upper mantle density, the maximum permissible density of the northern lowlands and southern highlands crust is constrained to be between 2,850 and 3,100 kg m(-3). These crustal densities are lower than typical Martian basaltic materials and are consistent with a crust that is on average more felsic than the materials found at the surface. We argue that a substantial portion of the crust of Mars is a primary crust that formed during the initial differentiation of the planet. Various hypotheses for the origin of the observed intracrustal seisimic layers are assessed, with our preferred interpretation including thick volcanic deposits, ejecta from the Utopia basin, porosity closure, and differentiation products of a Borealis impact melt sheet. ; French Space Agency (CNES); French National Research Agency [ANR-14-CE36-0012-02, ANR-19-CE31-0008-08]; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union [101001689, 724690] ; Published version ; The French authors acknowledge the French Space Agency (CNES) and the French National Research Agency (ANR-14-CE36-0012-02 and ANR-19-CE31-0008-08) for funding the InSight science analysis. A portion of the work was done by the InSight ...

NASA¿s InSight mission [1] has for the first time placed a very broad-band seismometer on the surface of Mars. The Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) [2] has been collecting continuous data since early February 2019. The main focus of InSight is to enhance our understanding of the internal structure and dynamics of Mars, which includes the goal to better constrain the crustal thickness of the planet [3]. Knowing the present-day crustal thickness of Mars has important implications for its thermal evolution [4] as well as for the partitioning of silicates and heat-producing elements between the different layers of Mars. Current estimates for the crustal thickness of Mars are based on modeling the relationship between topography and gravity [5,6], but these studies rely on different assumptions, e.g. on the density of the crust and upper mantle, or the bulk silicate composition of the planet and the crust. The resulting values for the average crustal thickness differ by more than 100%, from 30 km to more than 100 km [7]. New independent constraints from InSight will be based on seismically determining the crustal thickness at the landing site. This single firm measurement of crustal thickness at one point on the planet will allow to constrain both the average crustal thickness of Mars as well as thickness variations across the planet when combined with constraints from gravity and topography [8]. Here we describe the determination of the crustal structure and thickness at the InSight landing site based on seismic receiver functions for three marsquakes compared with autocorrelations of InSight data [9]. ; We acknowledge NASA, CNES, partner agencies and institutions (UKSA, SSO,DLR, JPL, IPGP-CNRS, ETHZ, IC, MPS-MPG) and the operators of JPL, SISMOC, MSDS, IRIS-DMC and PDS for providing SEED SEIS data. InSight data is archived in the PDS, and a full list of archives in the Geosciences, Atmospheres, and Imaging nodes is at https://pds-geosciences.wustl.edu/missions/insight/. This work was partially carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ©2021, California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged