Suchergebnisse

Preliminary Material -- Introduction -- 1 Identity: Between Creation and Recycling -- 2 Arabized Jews: Historical Background -- 3 Arabized Jews in Modern Times between Interpellation and Exclusion -- 4 Globalization and the Search for Inessential Solidarities -- 5 White Jews, Black Jews -- Conclusion -- 1 Iraqi-Jewish Intellectuals, Writers, and Artists -- 2 Sami Michael, The Artist and the Falafel -- References -- Index.

As an integral part of Arab society since the pre-Islamic period, Jews participated in the making of Arabic literature. We know of prominent Jewish poets such as al-Samawʾal ibn ʿᾹdiyāʾ in the sixth century A.D. and Ibrāhīm ibn Sahl in al-Andalus in the thirteenth century. During the first half of the twentieth century, Arabic literature in fuṣḥā (standard Arabic) written by Jews witnessed a great revival, especially in Iraq and Egypt, but this revival was cut short as a casualty of Zionism and Arab nationalism and the conflict between them. We are currently witnessing the demise of Arabic literature written by Jews; the Arabic language among Jews will probably remain mostly a tool of the military establishment and the intelligence systems as encapsulated in the dictum 'know your enemy' instead of being a medium for coexistence and knowing the Other. The article concentrates on the literary activities of one of the most talented Iraqi-Jewish authors, Shalom Darwīsh (1913-1997), whose promising anticipated literary future in Arabic literature encountered a deadlock following the aforementioned exclusion of Jews from 'Arabness'. ; Desde el período preislámico, los judíos participaron en la producción literaria en árabe como parte integrante de la sociedad araboislámica. Conocemos a poetas judíos prominentes como al-Samawʾal ibn ʿᾹdiyāʾ en el siglo VI d.C. e Ibrāhīm ibn Sahl en al-Andalus en el siglo XIII. Durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, la literatura árabe en fuṣḥā (árabe estándar) escrita por judíos fue testigo de un gran resurgimiento, especialmente en Irak y Egipto, pero este resurgimiento se vio interrumpido a causa del sionismo y el nacionalismo árabe, y el conflicto entre ambos. En la actualidad estamos asistiendo a la desaparición de la literatura árabe escrita por judíos. La lengua árabe se conservará entre los judíos principalmente como una herramienta del ejército y los sistemas de inteligencia, como se resume en el dicho «conoce a tu enemigo», en lugar de ser un medio para la coexistencia y el conocimiento del otro. El artículo se concentra en las actividades literarias de uno de los autores judíos iraquíes con más talento, Shalom Darwīsh (1913-1997), cuyo prometedor futuro en el campo de la literatura árabe fue interrumpido tras la exclusión antes mencionada de los judíos de la arabidad.

As an integral part of Arab society since the pre-Islamic period, Jews participated in the making of Arabic literature. We know of prominent Jewish poets such as al-Samawʾal ibn ʿᾹdiyāʾ in the sixth century A.D. and Ibrāhīm ibn Sahl in al-Andalus in the thirteenth century. During the first half of the twentieth century, Arabic literature in fuṣḥā (standard Arabic) written by Jews witnessed a great revival, especially in Iraq and Egypt, but this revival was cut short as a casualty of Zionism and Arab nationalism and the conflict between them. We are currently witnessing the demise of Arabic literature written by Jews; the Arabic language among Jews will probably remain mostly a tool of the military establishment and the intelligence systems as encapsulated in the dictum 'know your enemy' instead of being a medium for coexistence and knowing the Other. The article concentrates on the literary activities of one of the most talented Iraqi-Jewish authors, Shalom Darwīsh (1913-1997), whose promising anticipated literary future in Arabic literature encountered a deadlock following the aforementioned exclusion of Jews from 'Arabness'. ; Desde el período preislámico, los judíos participaron en la producción literaria en árabe como parte integrante de la sociedad arabo-islámica. Conocemos a poetas judíos prominentes como al-Samawʾal ibn ʿᾹdiyāʾ en el siglo VI d.C. e Ibrāhīm ibn Sahl en al-Andalus en el siglo XIII. Durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, la literatura árabe en fuṣḥā (árabe estándar) escrita por judíos fue testigo de un gran resurgimiento, especialmente en Irak y Egipto, pero este resurgimiento se vio interrumpido a causa del sionismo y el nacionalismo árabe, y el conflicto entre ambos. En la actualidad estamos asistiendo a la desaparición de la literatura árabe escrita por judíos. La lengua árabe se conservará entre los judíos principalmente como una herramienta del ejército y los sistemas de inteligencia, como se resume en el dicho «conoce a tu enemigo», en lugar de ser un medio para la coexistencia y el conocimiento del otro. El artículo se concentra en las actividades literarias de uno de los autores judíos iraquíes con más talento, Shalom Darwīsh (1913-1997), cuyo prometedor futuro en el campo de la literatura árabe fue interrumpido tras la exclusión antes mencionada de los judíos de la arabidad.

Purpose– To further explore the nature of non-monetary motivation for working, this study aims to present correlates of non-financial employment commitment (NFEC) and a cross-national comparison.Design/methodology/approach– Data gathered from representative national samples of the adult population (i.e. employed and unemployed individuals) in 31 countries (n=43,440), among them Nordic (e.g. Sweden and Norway), Western-European (e.g. Spain and France), Anglo-Saxon (e.g. the USA and Britain), former Communist (e.g. Russia and Hungary), Asian (e.g. Japan and South Korea), Latin-American (Mexico and the Dominican Republic), and African (South Africa). The source of the data is the 2005 International Social Survey Programme module on work orientation.Findings– NFEC proves positively correlated with intrinsic job characteristics, education level, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Administrators, managers, and professionals have higher NFEC than blue-collar workers, clerks, service workers, and sales workers. Respondents currently working for pay have higher NFEC than those currently not working for pay. Respondents trying to improve job skills during the previous 12 months have higher NFEC than those not trying to do so. NFEC is higher in member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development than in non-member countries. NFEC is also higher in countries where self-expression values are important than in countries where survival values are important.Practical implications– By assessing NFEC decision makers may be assisted in their selection and advancement decisions.Originality/value– This study conducts the most comprehensive cross-national comparison of NFEC to date, and its findings have high external validity. It is unlikely that the findings are biased by social desirability.

Participants in dictator games often contribute significant sums to unknown beneficiaries. This has been interpreted as suggesting that participants like to be perceived as generous even in anonymous situations. We show that when participants choose the probabilities with which they contribute, they tend to bias the probabilities in their favor without respect to whether others know only the outcomes or also the probabilities assigned. These results, together with the results of ultimatum games with similar frameworks, suggest that participants that choose probabilities make self-oriented choices even when others are likely to blame them rather than the random mechanism for the outcomes. [Copyright Elsevier B.V.]

Over the last decade, concerns regarding potential exposure to nano materials gave rise to substantial new regulation intended to ensure safe development of nanotechnology applications. This Article examines the resultant regulatory system through empirical analysis of trends and patterns in global development of nanotechnology regulatory initiatives. It argues that rather than a government-driven process, it was private actors who set the regulatory wheels in motion. This Article shows that under conditions of scientific uncertainty, governments lacking technical and scientific knowledge to support risk-based regulation often leave a regulatory void. Consequently, businesses apply self-risk-management strategies to fill the gap, leading the way for public regulation to follow. Thus, it is the continual interplay between public and private regulations that shapes the current landscape and drives the regulatory innovation. This Article further shows that, while formal partnerships are rare, an informal and self-organized collaboration is occurring through reciprocal signals of intent and tacit understanding of the internal and external factors that drive both public and private regulations. It concludes that, due to some unique aspects of nanotechnology, private regulation has (and is likely to continue to have) a prominent role in regulating nanotechnologies.