Suchergebnisse

To date, no systematic empirical research has been conducted to assess the effects of microcomputer usage on the productivity of university scientists. Based on a series of interviews with scientists and engineers, their spouses and graduate students, the present study offers a number of preliminary observations concerning certain advantages and potential drawbacks with respect to scientific productivity associated with the microcomputer's use, both in the office and at home. Principal among the points discussed are the microcomputer's detrimental effects on such things as collegial-and graduate-student interaction patterns, domestic relations with spouse and family, and the increasingly clerical nature of faculty work routines, and the difficulty some scientists experience reaching closure on their word-processed manuscripts.

This study uses detailed information from the Department of Labor (O'NET 98) concerning the characteristics and content of 1,122 occupations, and combines these data with information on alcohol and drug use collected by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
in their 1997 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). Using a merged data set, based on 7,477 full-time workers, weighted logistic regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between eight occupational and job dimensions and workers' current and prior use of alcohol
and drugs. Results show that steady employment or job security has the most pronounced negative effect on alcohol and drug use, while characteristics such as the pace of activity, job independence, and skills utilization to include feelings of accomplishment have little or no effect on employees'
alcohol and drug use. Furthermore, the etiology of cocaine use appears quite different from that of alcohol and other types of drug use: all else being equal, employees' odds of using cocaine, when working in an occupation with greater job variety, decrease by 64 percent. However, employees
in occupations with greater job autonomy are about 4 times more likely to use cocaine than are employees in jobs with less autonomy. These findings suggest that occupational conditions have a discernible influence on alcohol and drug use among employees, albeit in more complex ways than those
suggested by much of the organizational stress and occupational subcultural literature.

Using the Health Belief Model as a theoretical starting point, the present study extends previous research on health protective behavior by exploring the relationship among knowledge, self-esteem and students' proclivity to engage in risky sexual behavior. To test the Model, data
were analyzed from a sample of undergraduate students at a large land-grant university. Results indicate that students with high levels of self-esteem, as well as high levels of knowledge of HIV/AIDS, report engaging in safer behavioral practices, for the non conventional sexual behaviors,
more so than those with low and moderate levels of selfesteem. With respect to those more conventional sexual behavioral practices, such as unprotected vaginal/penile intercourse and unprotected sex with multiple sex partners, those with high self-esteem surprisingly reported more risky
sexual behaviors than those with low and moderate self-esteem. These results indicate that both self-esteem and knowledge operate differently depending on the type of sexual behavior involved – conventional or non conventional. Such differences need to be taken into account when using
the Health Belief Model in evaluating HIV/AIDS protective behavior among US college students.

This study uses ordinal regression analysis to examine the impact of gender on work values, after controlling for various organizational variables. The analysis is based on a complete enumeration of women in a large Australian organization, together with "representative" and "matched" samples of male employees. When organizational variables are controlled, women are shown to place greater importance on working relations, men on salary, job status, and prestige in the community. Type of work has a significant impact on work values, as does the interaction of gender and type of work, thus supporting the argument that the array of occupations studied may be an important factor in explaining conflicting prior findings concerning the influence of gender on work values. While gender differences in some work values remain after a variety of organizational variables are considered, a model based on work experiences may still be appropriate for explaining such observed differences.

A comparison is made of the interrelationship between theoretical orientations and research methods of authors publishing in major U. S. journals, with those publishing in Sosiologia, the major Finnish journal. Based on a content analysis of 1,808 articles, similarities are found cross‐culturally concerning the tendency for authors with a realist theoretical orientation to use comparative historical data‐gathering techniques and for nominalists to employ data‐gathering procedures more amenable to quantification (e. g. surveys and experimental methods). These data also document the often conjectured tendency for European sociologists to emphasize a more collectivist, organic, and hence realist theoretical posture. Similarities and differences between U. S. and Finnish sociology are discussed in the context of various cultural, historical, and political differences in the maturation of sociology in the two countries.

This study examines the influence of both calculative and moral involvement on the organizational commitment and task performance of a random sample of 121 direct-sales distributors. Based on data gathered from these distributors, organizational commitment is found to be positively related to distributor task performance. Similarly, calculative and moral involvement are found to be positively related to organizational commitment. While organizational commitment and calculative involvement are positively related to distributor task performance, there is a statistically significant negative relationship between moral involvement and distributor task performance. Results also indicate that, although time spent selling products is significantly related to successful distributor task performance, time spent personally recruiting new distributors is not related to successful distributor task performance. The results of the study support Etzioni's dual compliance structure hypothesis of organizational involvement.

This article uses computerized analysis of text, along with a close reading of text, to trace change and development in Burkitt's lymphoma research. While past researchers have focused on the way a text enters the literature, we wish to learn what happens to knowledge claims after they arrive in the published literature. In order to explain why some claims are successfully solidified into facts while others remain as isolated, unsupported claims, we rely upon the notion of the material and social technology required to do successful work in a research area