Suchergebnisse

Decision makers in international crises seek to reconcile two values: on the one hand, avoiding the loss of prestige and credibility that capitulation would entail and, on the other, avoiding war. These values conflict with each other, in the sense that any policy designed to further one of them will jeopardize the other. Cognitive theory suggests that in ambiguous circumstances a decision maker will suppress uncomfortable value conflicts, conceptualizing his dilemma in such a way that the values appear to be consonant. President Kennedy's process of decision and rationalization in the Cuban missile crisis fits this pattern. He contended that compromise would allay the risk of war in the short run only at the cost of increasing it in the long run. Thus, he saw his policy of no compromise as furthering both the goal of maintaining U.S. prestige and credibility and the goal of avoiding war.

It is hypothesized that vocational clients who receive precounseling preparation adopt a role in counseling that is more realistic and effective than the role adopted by clients who do not receive such preparation. Twenty‐four Ss who were given a precounseling lecture‐discussion were compared to twenty‐three control Ss. The hypothesis was verified. Other implications of the study are discussed.