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AbstractThe circular economy (CE) is a proposal for a new, more sustainable, and durable economy model. As a consequence, this pro-environmental economic model induces visible changes in the labor market which are Green Jobs (GJs). This paper is focused on the creation of Green Jobs in the CE. The GJs are most visible in the environmental goods and services sector (EGSS). This study aims to investigate EGSS among 28 European Union countries in the years 2009–2019. The adopted method was literature research complemented by the statistical analysis of secondary data from Eurostat in the linear regression method. Then, some Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their measure were used as main indicators reflecting changes in the labor market. Results are presented as a model indicating which of the SDGs can support CE and enhance a number of the Green Jobs. Presented results contribute to the science because combine factors influencing GJs creation in EGSS, in a CE perspective. This study underlines a lack of uniform methods for measuring and forecasting the effects of Green Jobs creation and indicates future research directions.

The circular economy (CE) is a proposal for a new, more sustainable, and durable economy model. As a consequence, this pro-environmental economic model induces visible changes in the labor market which are Green Jobs (GJs). This paper is focused on the creation of Green Jobs in the CE. The GJs are most visible in the environmental goods and services sector (EGSS). This study aims to investigate EGSS among 28 European Union countries in the years 2009–2019. The adopted method was literature research complemented by the statistical analysis of secondary data from Eurostat in the linear regression method. Then, some Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their measure were used as main indicators reflecting changes in the labor market. Results are presented as a model indicating which of the SDGs can support CE and enhance a number of the Green Jobs. Presented results contribute to the science because combine factors influencing GJs creation in EGSS, in a CE perspective. This study underlines a lack of uniform methods for measuring and forecasting the effects of Green Jobs creation and indicates future research directions.

The influence of innovation upon the competitive advantage of companies seems to be an actual issue worth examining. That's why it is interesting to investigate the various aspects of the strategies pursued by companies classified as innovative or non-innovative. The aim of the research was to check whether the differences between enterprises can be traced back to their sizes or should rather be derived from their unique characteristics. In order to test the hypotheses, the correlations (established on the basis of the Kendall's tau-b correlation coefficient) between specified research areas and the size of the company were calculated for the two groups of companies (innovative and non-innovative). The study was conducted using the PAPI technique and the 5-point Likert scale. The research sample included two groups of companies – innovative (88 companies) and non-innovative (34 enterprises). The respondents in the survey included company managing staff. Presenting the findings of the research, it can be pointed out that in a group of innovative companies no distinctness regarding the primary objectives of strategy could be demonstrated. Only the correlations between the size and risk of the business and the implementation of global expansion strategy can be considered. Companies that are not oriented to innovation, however, significantly differ only regarding to strategy formalisation, which increases with the organisation's growth. The main research findings proved that there is a lack of noticeable differences in the strategies of innovative and non-innovative companies analysed in terms of their size.
Key words: aspects of strategy, company size, innovation, competitive advantage, business strategy, small and large company.