Suchergebnisse

AbstractWhile it is now well established in the literature that countries with better policies and institutions, as measured by theEconomic Freedom of the Worldindex, have better outcomes in terms of prosperity, growth, and measures of human well-being. However, we know little about the process of institutional reform – that is why and how country policies undergo major changes either upward or downward in their levels of economic freedom. This research attempts to provide a systematic overview of this process, by uncovering what the data really show about this transition process. Institutional declines occur more abruptly than institutional improvements, and free trade appears to be a key 'first mover' in cases of large institutional change.

The political economy of the European Union: Institutions, policy, and economic growth by Gert Tinggaard Svendsen is reviewed.

This reply addresses the issues raised by Dougherty in response to my 1999 article in this journal. I also develop a new graphical model of the optimal collection rate under the Articles, where states made contributions, & contrast it to the revenue potential from direct taxation. I believe that despite Dougherty's criticisms, my argument remains valid. While the Articles were not perfect in an absolute sense, that when more properly viewed in a comparative manner, that the system of state contributions for raising revenue under the Articles was (& still is) superior to a system of direct federal taxation. 3 Figures, 17 References. Adapted from the source document.

Analyzes effectiveness of international interventions through their impact on foreign exchange rates; examples of UN peacekeeping in Lebanon and economic sanctions in South Africa.