Suchergebnisse

The allocation of land use in Indonesia is very inefficient, while the distribution of tenure is unequal. Half of the land for cultivation is held by forestry, and the other half is used by various other sectors. Most Indonesian farmers are small- scale farmers who do not meet economies of scale. Agrarian reforms aimed at overcoming inefficiency in land use, eliminating inequality in land tenure, and promoting rural areas' prosperity need to involve land for cultivation allocated for forestry. This paper is written based on the author's experience of interacting with various parties related to land issues, forest areas and agrarian reform through various forums, such as official meetings, focus group discussions, seminars, workshops, symposiums, one-on-one discussions (interviews), and interactions through social media. Agrarian reform, which has been launched since 1960, has not been able to be realized until today. The fight seems to involve two large groups, namely environmentalists and developmentalists, but this kind of grouping is likely to be misleading. Environmental issues may only be used as an instrument to obtain economic benefits as well, not for the environment itself.

Indonesia's natural forest has been persistently declining, even with the fastest rate in the world, regardless of various efforts to stop the decline or at least to reduce the rate significantly. At the same time, development of plantation forest has been very slow. Amongst the various causes of the natural forest loss that have been identified, financial nonprofitability was not one of them. That being said, the fundamental reason as to why utilization of natural forest for timber production will not survive in the long run is because of financial nonprofitability. In order for a business to stay in the industry of the natural forest utilization, the government should provide financial incentives using public's money. Hence, the public support for the forestry is vital for the survival of the industry?. However, improper implementation of forestry laws can have damaging impacts to the public's perception and support. Moreover, the five policies, namely forest land establishment, fees, and royalties, log export ban, certification, and forest management unit establishment, which have failed to deliver sustainable natural production forests, are shortly discussed. Finally, the more appropriate approach of natural forest utilization is basically not as a sustainable forest management but rather as the optimal timber mining, which consequently requires different set of policies.

Distortionary levy applied uniformly to all diameter classes of logs from logging natural forest can lead to inefficiencies; certain diameter should be left in the field because it is not economical to be used. Win-win or Pareto improving solution can be achieved if the government is more flexible. Social welfare is higher because of the waste that can be utilized to create employment, production and additional benefits for employers, as well as revenue for the state. Even if the levy rates are forced to zero for small-diameter timber, governments is actually not harmed at all because from the beginning the government does not get any revenue from small timber that is left in the field as waste. In scarcity situations of timber from natural forests, it is desirable if the government is considering differentiating charges in order to reduce or possibly eliminate the volume of waste generated by the levy. In general, tariff differentiation done in the form of higher tariffs for higher diameter logs. If possible, the lowest diameter limit of logs is forced down to its technical limits. That is, the processing tool that will determine how the minimum diameter logs can be processed profitably.Keywords: tariff differentiation, efficiency, timber utilization, government revenue, win-win solutionDOI: 10.7226/jtfm.19.2.163

Capturing economic rent from natural resources, particularly forests, frequently still creates disagreement between the government and businesses. The charges imposed by the government in the forms of reboisation fund (DR) and forest resource provision (PSDH) have been in place for very long time, accepted by all stakeholders, and supported by laws. Government policy regarding compensation for forest stand value (GRNT) creates controvercies. This paper intends to clarify problem of forest charges by returning it to its fundamental theories, e.g. economic theory of natural resouces. Economic rent of forests that are controlled by the government is the right of all Indonesia people. Henece, the government has responsibility for capturing the rent as much as possible in the most efficient way. If the stumpage is too low then it potentially promotes overcutting, whereas if it is too high then it makes forest business less attractive that potentially promotes illegal activities. In forestry, economic rent of forest has a special name, it is stumpage price. There are some difficulties in estimating a competitive stumpage price, wheter the one obtained through a direct competitive auction of standing timber or through calculation of residual price. Partly, the difficulties were generated by the government's own policies that strongly distorted log prices. Log export ban and vertical integration are the two most influential policies in distorting log prices. Actually, the government is able to design and implement a single charge to capture PSDH, DR, and GRNT so that their administration becomes much simpler and more efficient.

The policy on forest rehabilitation and reclamation have been implemented since 1950, but not effective decrease the extend of the critical forest and land yet. The objective of this research was to formulate option of effectiveness enhancement of forest rehabilitation and reclamation policy implementation. This research applied the theory that developed by Edward III and IDS's policy process. The policy text (rule in form) of forest rehabilitation and reclamation has not been used effectively to solve the solve the problem on the ground because the lack of sufficient regulation on the pre-condition, maintenance and responsibility in regards to the asset lost, participation, empowerment and transparency. There is divergent in the implementation of forest rehabilitation and reclamation policy. The implementation of policy requires high transaction cost with limited participation and did not legitimate due to ineffective communication, structure of birocracy, disposition/attitude and resources. To increase the effectiveness implementation of policy and institution on forest rehabilitation and reclamation, the goverment have to improve the effectiveness of communication, structure of birocracy, disposition/attitude, and resources. Furthermore, the result of this research also recommends the importance of network development through social movement by using mass-media and social media, which will be usefull to provide pressure on the policy development process by addressing the counter policy narative.Key words: efectiveness, implementation, policy, rehabilitation, reclamation

West Javanese Province Goverment has decided to provide 45% of West Java area as conservation and protection area. One of the area is North Bandung Area (KBU: Kawasan Bandung Utara). This paper proposed the used of two economic instrument, namely PDR (purchase development right) and PES (payment environment service) in managing the KBU. The paper shows that the use of PDR by ignoring the price of the land would give a hydrological benefit to the people in urban fringe area, rural fringe area, and rural area in the netx 20 years. Meanwhile, the use of PES intruments with incentive application to plant out tree at estate conservation (both forest and non forest land) would provide benefit for minimum 24 years renting period. Further, the analysis shows that the PDR and PES implementation at 4 regencies/city government at KBU should be considered as a good prospect, even though seeing from the finances aspect of APBD, the prospect was still less than the target. Therefore, continous finance policy support at the regencies/city government at that KBU which aimed to provide environmental protection and agricultural farm (pro-environmental budgeting policy) should be considered as emergency needs.Keywords: conservation area, land use, economic incentive, PDR, PESs

Although North Bandung Area was considered as protected area and watershed area uspstream, but it has characteristic as cultivation and downstream area. An effort to improve protection function is needed to prevent changes in land use. One of them through the purchase of development rights (PDR) mechanism. The appropriateness of the PDR application on the benefit of hydrology only effective when it was carried out in zone rural area and the rural fringe. This condition was caused by land prices which exceeded from landexpetation value, therefore the owner of the land experienced impermanence syndrome. The application of Cost-Benefit Sharing Principles would helped Government of the Bandung City in the aspect of the purchace of development right for the agricultural land in KBU that entered Kabupaten Bandung Barat and Kabupaten Bandung. Whereas, for the Cimahi City it helped the purchase of development right for agricultural land in KBU that entered Kabupaten Bandung Barat.

A series of discourse have constructed a social reality underlining the fact that Indonesian natural forestryexperienced a serious negative stigma. The stigma appeared due to its deforestation and forest degradation rate, likely un-ending multi-dimentional conflitcs, the increase of natural forest threat, the decrease of natural forest roles, and function in terms of social, economic and environment. This was addressed mainly to those of forestry utilization policies. This research has a look to analyse forestry utilization policies as an essential point, especially with regard to the discourse trend and to the frame of forestry stakeholder minds involving in the discourse which was focused on key policy miles stone and its implementation. It is considered to be essential since after much efforts of wiping the stigma off seemed to be unsuccesfully. The results indicated that there was a problem on stakeholders' minds frame, which was considered to be a stagnant, especially on positioning and understanding forest utilization and sustainability. To cope with such a problem, it would need to improve at least four things, i.e: the link of science/knowledge-skills-policy, political interest, public participation, and actor networks. Improving the fourth could be an essential key for having another three.

Following the establishment of Forest Management Units (KPHL/KPHP) by the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry, the next step that has to be done is the formation and operationalization of KPHL/KPHP organization by local governments. In reality, implementation of the respective obligation is stagnated due to a number of obstacles such as the regulatory aspects that haveless trust and difficult to be implemented by local governments. In the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD Framework) from Elinor Ostrom, there is onecomponent, i.e. the rules-in-use concept that is possible to be applied as a tool to analyze the relationship between the content of a certain regulation and the structure of action-situation formed due to implementationof regulation.This study aimsto test effectiveness of the use of the concept of rules-in-use to find substantial shortcomings of the regulation on KPHL/KPHP formation at provincial level,as a basisforimprovement. Accordingly, analysis was performed on PP No.6/2007 jo. PPNo.3/2008, Permendagri No.61/2010 and PP No.41/2007by making analysis of regulation contents and feedback from the implementation process. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the use of Ostrom's rules-in-use concept is adequately effective to find the shortcomings of KPHL/KPHP regulation content. ; Setelah penetapan wilayah KPHL/KPHP oleh Menteri Kehutanan, tahap selanjutnya adalah pembentukan dan operasionalisasi organisasi KPHL/KPHP oleh pemerintah daerah. Pelaksanaan kewajiban tersebut berjalan tersendat dkarenakan terkendala oleh sejumlah hambatan, antara lain oleh peraturan yang kurang memiliki daya dorong dan menyulitkan daerah pada saat implementasinya. Dalam Kerangka Kerja Analisis dan Pengembangan Kelembagaan (IAD-Framework) Ostrom, terdapat konsep 'aturan-aturan yang digunakan (rules in use)' yang dapat digunakan untuk menganalisis isi peraturan dalam hubungannya dengan struktur situasi aksi yang terbentuk pada saat peraturan diimplementasikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk ...

The formulation of policies regarding coal-mining activities in state forest zone has usually been complicated by the natures of coalmine, actors involved in the coal mining industries, and the goals to achieve sustainable resource management. This study uses Institutional analysis and development