Suchergebnisse

An accurate classification for diabetes mellitus (DBM) allows for the adequate treatment and handling of its menace, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria. This study proposes data mining techniques for the classification and identification of the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes cases, stratified by age, gender, diabetic conditions and residential area in the northwestern states of Nigeria, based on the real-life data derived from government-owned hospitals in the region. A K-mean assessment was used to cluster the instances, after 12 iterations the instances classified out of 3022: 2662 (88.09%) non-insulin dependent (NID), 176 (5.82%) insulin-dependent (IND) and 184 (6.09%) gestational diabetes (GTD). The total number of diagnosed diabetes cases was 3022: 1380 males (45.66%) and 1642 females (54.33%). The higher prevalence was found to be in females compared to males, and in cities and towns, rather than in villages (36.5%, 34.2%, and 29.3%, respectively). The highest prevalence among the age groups was in the age group 50&ndash ; 69 years, which constituted 43.9% of the total diagnosed cases. Furthermore, the NID condition had the highest prevalence of cases (88.09%). These were the first findings of the stratified prevalence in the region, and the figures have been of utmost significance to the healthcare authorities, policymakers, clinicians, and non-governmental organizations for the proper planning and management of diabetes mellitus.

Since the last quarter of 20th century the macroeconomic impact of defense spending on the economic growth have attracted the attention of many researchers, academician and policy makers. During the cold war the US defense strategy against the Soviet Union was the first time when it was derived. After the cold war a reduction in defense spending was observed which was named as "Peace Dividend". Most of the developing and developed countries try to make peace and promote it but still it is seen that large portion of the overall global GDP is spent on the defense sector. This study surveys defense-growth nexus by incorporating openness to trade, external debt, gross capital formation and labor force in production function. The study uses annual time series data over the period 1972-2016. For estimation purposes, the study employed ADF unit root test and P-P unit root test for testing stationarity properties, ARDL Bound test to cointegration used for testing long run relationship. The empirical evidence of the study reveals that Economic growth is positively affected by spending on defense sector, capital investments, labor force, and openness to trade in long run while external debt has a negative effect on economic growth. Apart from this, empirical evidence also suggests that in short run; there is positive imperative role of capital investment, defense spending, and openness to trade in growth process, while external debt retards the pace of economic growth. Results of the study indicates that defense spending could be used as a fiscal tool for achieving sustainable growth, government should invest high R&D in defense sector in order to produce modernize defense products which would reduce high importation cost of expensive defense products, and through selling these defense products, not only the defense sector would be self-sufficient but would also contribute to growth process by exporting the defense products.

This study utilizes the Panzar-Rosse (1978) PR-H Statistics framework to examine the competitiveness of Pakistan's industrial sector. Leveraging data from the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) covering the period from 2007 to 2020 and focusing on insights from the 200 largest listed companies, our study sheds light on the complex market dynamics and competitive forces at play in the sector. By applying the Panzar-Rosse PH Statistic, we aim to demonstrate the presence of a competitive market structure that helps mitigate monopolistic tendencies. Our analysis, while managing endogeneity and employing the Generalized Method of Moments, reveals that the industrial sector in Pakistan is characterized by significant market dynamics that influence business behavior and performance. Despite this, the results of the PR-H Statistics suggest a relatively competitive market environment prevailing in Pakistan's industrial sector. However, there are indications of non-competitive behaviors attributed to weak institutional quality and the overall economic conditions of the country. Additionally, tendencies of weak and imperfect market structures are prevalent, compounded by undocumented and informal economic activities. Through this investigation, we aim to deepen understanding of the competitive landscape in Pakistan's industrial sector and its implications for industrial agents. By highlighting the challenges posed by non-competitive behaviors and weak market structures, our study offers valuable insights into the broader economic ecosystem of Pakistan.

Economic growth depends on many factors like the traditional
factors of capital, labour and technological advancement and the
somewhat novel factors of financial development and the nature of
political regime. The relationship between the nature of political
structure and economic growth is quite complicated. There may be direct
and indirect impacts of the nature of political set up on economic
growth. However, these channels remain un-explored to larger extent. The
present study is conducted to analyse economic growth under democracy
and dictatorship for a considerably larger set of countries from 1974 to
2013. The indirect impact of democracy on economic growth is analysed
through an unexplored channel of financial sector performance, which is
expected to be sensitive to regime type. The direct impact of democracy
is found to be positively significant on economic growth. Likewise,
direct impact of financial sector performance on economic growth is also
found to be positive and significant. However, democracy had negative
indirect impact on economic growth through financial sector but the
magnitude of this indirect negative impact is minute enough to be
ignored as compared to large individual direct effects of democracy and
financial sector. JEL Classification: O40, O43, O16 Keywords: Economic
Growth, Democracy, Dictatorship, Financial Sector Performance

Higher education and unemployment is a substantial concern for developing countries and developed countries as well. To get the empirical evidence of the Pakistan economy, the present research is being carrying on. This study applies time series data in nature covering the period from 1985 to 2018. Assessing the long run association within the policy indicators and commuting the causality of higher education and unemployment, two different econometric techniques Johansen Co-integration and Granger Causality test is arrayed whereas the annual speed of adjustment is estimated when disequilibrium enters in the system through VECM model. The Johansen Co-integration's test reports 5 co-integrating equations and error term reveals 3 Percent for higher education in first model which postulate speed of adjustment in case of disequilibrium. Whereas second model explains 4 co-integrated and VECM reflects The results presents that any disequilibrium transpires in short term, higher education enrollment and unemployment will be converging to equilibrium in the long run at the speed of 32 and 36 percent correspondingly. The Granger causality test's findings imply that higher education does not affect the unemployment whereas unemployment is reported to be responsive towards higher education which means unemployed labor force again enroll for higher education to absorb capacity for new professional avenues by producing innovative and constructive ideas.