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Intro -- Contents -- Chapter 1 -- Introduction -- 1.1. Background and Significance -- 1.2. Problem Statement: Framing the Research Problem -- 1.2.1. The State and the Issue of Gender -- 1.2.2. Systemic Discrimination -- 1.2.3. Minority in a Minority -- 1.3. Aims and Objectives -- 1.4. Research Methodology and Limits to the Book -- 1.5. Literature Review -- 1.6. Terminology -- 1.7. The Structure of the Book -- Chapter 2 -- Theoretical Framework Intersectionality n -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Conceptualization of Intersectionality -- 2.3. Theorizing and Measuring Intersectionality -- 2.3.1. Analogies of Intersectionality -- 2.3.2. The Dynamics of Intersectionality: Unpacking Structural and Political Perspectives -- 2.3.3. Unveiling the Potential: Intersectionality as an Ever-Evolving Approach -- 2.4. Navigating Power Dynamics: Gender, Identity, and Intersectionality in Focus -- 2.5. Intersectionality and LGBTQ+ Rights in the Middle East: Unveiling Systemic Discrimination and Power Relations -- 2.6. Conclusion -- Chapter 3 -- The Plight of LGBTQ+ Individuals in Iran: Challenges and Discrimination -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. The Complex Web of Oppression: Intersections of Identity and Discrimination in Iran -- 3.2.1. Navigating Double Discrimination: The Intersection of Gender and Sexuality for Lesbians in Iran -- 3.2.2. Intersecting Identities and Differential Treatment: Experiences of Gay Men in Iran -- 3.3. Intersecting Discriminations: Analyzing Societal Inequalities for LGBTQ+ Individuals in Iran -- 3.3.1. State-Sponsored Discrimination: Unmasking Homophobic Rhetoric and Policies -- 3.3.2. Social Stigma and Media Censorship: LGBTQ+ Discrimination in Iran's Public Sphere -- 3.3.3. The Hidden Dangers at Home: Family Discrimination against LGBTQ+ Individuals in Iran.

This book examines novel and nonmainstream aspects of international terrorism in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. It explores issues that are not really explored in the mainstream literature such as the environmental message of terror groups, the issue of female jihadists and the social media strategy of terror groups. Whilst old issues remain and deserves a dissident perspective, like the Iran nuclear deal, newer issues like the impact of the Abrahamic Accord on the Middle East comes to the fore. At the same time, policy-makers need to be bold in responding to terror threat, including pooling sovereignty when confronting a truly global threat. Taken together this study reflects the most up to date volume on recent development in terrorism globally. Hussein Solomon is Senior Professor and Academic Head of Department in the Department of Political Studies and Governance at the University of the Free State, South Africa. He is Deputy Chair of the Pugwash Conferences on Science in World Affairs (South African Chapter). His research interests include conflict and conflict resolution in Africa, South African Foreign Policy, international relations theory, religious fundamentalism and population movements within the developing world. His most recent books include Arab MENA Countries: Vulnerabilities and Constraints Against Democracy on the Eve of the Global COVID-19 Crisis (with Arno Tausch, Springer 2021), Exporting Global Jihad (with Tom Smith, IB Tauris/Bloomsbury 2020), Islamism, Crisis and Democratization: Implications of the World Values Survey for the Muslim World (with Arno Tausch, Springer, 2020).

The primary objective of this book is to understand the nature of the Boko Haram insurgency in northeast Nigeria. One of the world's most lethal terrorist groups, Boko Haram is formally known as Jama'at ahlis Sunnah lid Da'wat wal Jihad (people committed to the propagation of the Prophet's teachings and jihad), with Boko Haram being its common Hausa name, which loosely translates as 'western education is forbidden'. The movement's ostensible goal is to create an Islamic Caliphate starting in Borno State in the North East that will eventually cover the areas of the former Kanem-Borno Empire, including parts of western Chad, northwestern Cameroon, and southeastern Niger. The central theme threading its way through this volume's chapters is the relationship between the failure of the state- building project in Nigeria and the outbreak and nature of insurgency. State failure, if not collapse, in Nigeria has different dimensions. The chapters here, therefore, aim to unpack different parts of the puzzle. From fifteen thousand feet up, Boko Haram's goal of an Islamic Caliphate is a rejection of the modern state system forced on it by the West, and in particular by a conquering Great Britain. Thus, for instance, the borders inherited from colonial rule are considered illegitimate and a caliphate would eventually cover the areas of the former Kanem-Borno Empire, including parts of western Chad, northwestern Cameroon, and southeastern Niger.

This book analyzes the origins and organizational structure of Islamic State (IS), examining its military triumphs and success in securing new recruits via social media. From its base in Iraq and Syria, IS has spread globally with 17 regional affiliates from Indonesia to Nigeria and sleeper cells in at least 60 countries, capable of atrocities like the Paris attack. To understand the threat of IS, this book explores its organizational structure and underlying ideology, and implications for Western efforts to attack the leadership of IS. The ways IS has grown by swiftly adapting its military strategy, developing creative forms of funding and efforts to win hearts and minds of locals are identified. The author highlights how the competing individual national interests between the Western military alliance and local partners have served to strengthen IS. With its ideology spreading ever further, this book warns of the looming violent confrontation between democratic and Islamist forces. This volume speaks to academics in international relations, security studies and strategic studies, policy-makers and interested parties. Hussein Solomon is Professor in the Department of Political Studies and Governance at the University of the Free State, South Africa and is a Senior Research Associate of the Israeli-based Research on Islam and Muslims in Africa (RIMA). His most recent book was entitled Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: Fighting Insurgency from Al Shabaab, Ansar Dine and Boko Haram (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015)

The terrorist threat is growing in Africa, with the likes of Al Shabaab, Ansar Dine and Boko Haram exploiting Africa's vulnerabilities whether ungoverned spaces or corrupt officials to expand their operations. At the same time, traditional responses to terrorism, with their primarily military focus and privileging of the state, seem incapable of stopping this menace. This is evident in the fact that there are currently three terrorist attacks per day on the continent. To compound matters further, while these various terrorist organizations are co-operating, little co-ordination is taking place among the various African states despite the existence of the African Union and its counter-terrorist regime. Despite their efforts, external players like the United States' African Command have in many ways exacerbated the problem on account of their insufficient knowledge of the local context which is driving these insurgencies. This study calls for a more holistic approach, with greater emphasis on development and improved governance. Explaining both the limitations of current counter-terrorist strategies and how these strategies might be improved going forward, this timely study will be essential reading for scholars and practitioners alike.

What are the factors which have made South Africa so appealing to terrorist and radical islamic organisations? What role has South Africa played within global Jihad? This book examines how South Africa has come to play a major role in global terror networks stemming from growing criminality and corruption within state structures. It also examines the interaction between local and foreign extremist elements which undermine South Africa's security. The author brings the discussion beyond the usual mundane academic treatise to the sharp reality of the global dangers of politicised Islam - a muslim talking candidly about Islam