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This paper proposes a theory that links labor supply to wage growth & economic growth, & the conflict of interest between capital & labor. During the early stages of industrialization of a country, "surplus" labor drawn from the traditional sector of the economy is available to the modern capitalist sector at a constant or only slowly rising wage. As industrialization proceeds, this labor surplus vanishes, leading to wages rising in tandem with the growth of output. As long as there is surplus labor, workers in the modern capitalist sector, who are organized, have little interest in growth, as it does not raise wages. The effect of growth is external to them, simply drawing more workers into the capitalist sector & enabling the entrants to receive rents. So capitalist-sector workers would like to redistribute income regardless of the adverse effect on growth. Once the economy grows enough for the subsistence sector to vanish, further growth raises wages. Hence, this change in the structure of the economy leads to a reduction in the intensity of the labor-capital conflict. The dual economy model implies that growth rates rise over time & fall after the exhaustion of the labor surplus, which is consistent with the stylized fact of economic growth. 1 Figure, 1 Appendix, 23 References. Adapted from the source document.

This paper proposes a theory that links labor supply to wage growth and economic growth, and the conflict of interest between capital and labor. During the early stages of industrialization of a country, "surplus" labor drawn from the traditional sector of the economy is available to the modern capitalist sector at a constant or only slowly rising wage. As industrialization proceeds, this labor surplus vanishes, leading to wages rising in tandem with the growth of output. As long as there is surplus labor, workers in the modern capitalist sector, who are organized, have little interest in growth as it does not raise wages. The effect of growth is external to them, simply drawing more workers into the capitalist sector and enabling the entrants to receive rents. So capitalist‐sector workers would like to redistribute income regardless of the adverse effect on growth. Once the economy grows enough for the subsistence sector to vanish, further growth raises wages. Hence, this change in the structure of the economy leads to a reduction in the intensity of the labor–capital conflict.The dual economy model implies that growth rates rise over time and fall after the exhaustion of the labor surplus which is consistent with the stylized fact of economic growth.

We use regression analysis on data from 208 districts over the period 1981–2009 to examine the impact of temperature and solar radiation (affected by pollution from aerosols) on wheat yields in India. We find that a 1 °C increase in average daily maximum and minimum temperatures tends to lower yields by 2–4% each. A 1% increase in solar radiation increases yields by nearly 1%. Yields are estimated to be about 5.2% lower than they would have been if temperatures had not increased during the study period. We combine the estimated impacts of weather on yield with the estimated impacts of aerosol pollution (measured by moderate resolution imaging spectro radio meter sensor in terms of aerosol optical depth, aerosol optical depth (AOD) in 2001–2013) on weather to compute the net impact of reducing aerosol pollution on wheat yields. A one-standard-deviation decrease in AOD is estimated to increase yields by about 4.8%. Our results imply reducing regional pollution and curbing global warming in the coming decades can counter wheat yield losses.

ABSTRACTThe demand for environmental quality is often presumed to be low in developing countries due to poverty. Less attention has been paid to the possibility that lack of awareness about adverse health effects of environmental pollution could also keep the demand low. We use a household survey from urban India to estimate the effects of schooling, exposure to mass media, and other measures of awareness on home water purification. We find that these measures of awareness have statistically significant effects on home purification and, therefore, on willingness to pay. These effects are similar in magnitude to the wealth effects. Average costs of different home purification methods are used to generate partial estimates of willingness to pay for better drinking water quality.

Inequality and wellbeing. International differences in the determinants of life satisfaction / John F. Helliwell, Haifang Huang and Anthony Harris. Unequal chances : the intergenerational transmission of economic advantage under marital sorting / T. Lakshmanasamy. Addressing equity issues in watershed development projects in Bhil Adivasi areas of Western Madhya Pradesh / Rahul Banerjee -- Politics, law and economics. A theory of the corrupt keynesian / Toke Aidt and Jayasri Dutta. On effecting institutional change / Sumon Majumdar and Sharun Mukand. On the political economy of general strikes / Abhirup Sarkar. Public outrage and criminal justice : lessons from the Jessica Lal case / Brendan O'Flaherty and Rajiv Sethi. Lobbying for trade regime and tariff settings -- Labour. Labor retrenchment laws and their effect on wages and employment : a theoretical investigation / Kaushik Basu, Gary S. Fields and Shub Debgupta. Work migration in and investment in origin communities / Ghazala Mansuri. Labour market reform and poverty : the role of informal sector / Sugata Marjit, Saibal Kar and Dibyendu Sundar Maiti. Measuring harm due to child work and child labour : patterns and determinants for India / Diganta Mukherjee and Saswati Das -- Agriculture. Development strategy : the state and agriculture since independence / T. N. Srinivasan. Land-use changes and agricultural growth in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, 1901-2004 / Takashi Kurosaki -- Macro and public finance. The Natural interest rate in emerging markets / Ashima Goyal. Intergovernmental transfer rules, state fiscal policy and performance in India / Poulomi Roy and Ajitava Raychaudhuri. Tax evasion and administrative costs / Rohit Prasad. Inequality, public investment and deficits in India / Errol D'Souza -- Environment. Climate change and Kyoto protocol / Parkash Chander -- Finance. Recent Trends in microfinance institutions : some theoretical implications / Suman Ghosh and Eric Van Tassel.

AbstractMany cities in developing countries lack adequate drainage and waste management infrastructure. Consequently, city residents face economic and health impacts from flooding and waterlogging, which are aggravated by solid waste infiltrating and blocking drains. City governments have recourse to two strategies to address these problems: a) 'hard' infrastructure-related interventions through investment in the expansion of drainage and waste transportation networks; and/or, b) 'soft', low-cost behavioural interventions that encourage city residents to change waste disposal practices. This research examines whether behavioural interventions, such as information and awareness raising alongside provision of inexpensive street waste bins, can improve waste management in the city. We undertook a cluster randomized controlled trial study in Bharatpur, Nepal, where one group of households was treated with a soft, low-cost intervention (information and street waste bins) while the control group of households did not receive the intervention. We econometrically compared baseline indicators – perceived neighbourhood cleanliness, household waste disposal methods, and at-source waste segregation – from a pre-intervention survey with data from two rounds of post-intervention surveys. Results from analysing household panel data indicate that the intervention increased neighbourhood cleanliness and motivated the treated households to dispose their waste properly through waste collectors. The intervention, however, did not increase household waste segregation at source, which is possibly because of municipal waste collectors mixing segregated and non-segregated waste during collection. At-source segregation, a pre-requisite for efficiently managing municipal solid waste, may improve if municipalities arrange to collect and manage degradable and non-degradable waste separately.