Suchergebnisse

Chapter 1 Introduction -- PART I MAINLAND CHINA: Chapter 2 Refugees and Other Displaced Foreigners in China Refugees and Other Displaced Foreigners in China Refugees and Other Displaced Foreigners in China -- Chapter 3 The Framework: Law, Policy and Institutions The Framework: Law, Policy and Institutions The Framework: Law, Policy and Institutions -- Chapter 4 The Reality: Treatment of Refugees in The Reality: Treatment of Refugees in The Reality: Treatment of Refugees in China -- PART II HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION AND MACAU SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION AND MACAU SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION: Chapter 5 Refugee Law and Policy in Hong Kong Refugee Law and Policy in Hong Kong Refugee Law and Policy in Hong Kong -- Chapter 6 Refugee Law and Policy in Macau Refugee Law and Policy in Macau Refugee Law and Policy in Macau -- Chapter 7 Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusion and Recommendations.

AbstractIn the past 20 years, there have been increasing media reports of individuals being banned from exiting the People's Republic of China (PRC). This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current PRC mechanisms for regulating the exit of PRC and foreign citizens. It proposes that the PRC uses three types of exit regulation mechanisms. First, restrictions on access to passports serve to preclude targeted PRC citizens from obtaining the document necessary for international travel. Second, PRC and foreign citizens with valid passports could be prohibited from exiting the PRC on extensive grounds. Third, the criminalization of unauthorized departure serves to punish and deter the clandestine exit of PRC citizens. In relation to each mechanism, it outlines the legal grounds for imposing restrictions or punishment and provides illustration with recent cases. It also identifies a number of shortcomings of the PRC exit regulation system, including fragmented and overly broad legislation in some aspects, inconsistency of legislation, overly decentralized distribution of power among institutions and insufficient safeguard for procedural transparency.

This article examines China's response to the influxes of ethnic Kachins displaced by armed conflict from Myanmar and discusses the probable legal and policy considerations underlying China's response. It is based on the existing literature as well as fieldwork in Yunnan Province, China and Kachin State, Myanmar. Since June 2011, more than 10,000 displaced Kachins have entered into Yunnan. China has provided little assistance to them and forcibly repatriated about 5,000 of them in August and September 2012. Although displaced Kachins in Yunnan qualify prima facie for refugee status under the Refugee Convention and Protocol, China refuses to recognize them as refugees and primarily relies on the 1997 Chinese–Myanmar Border Management Agreement and the 1990 Yunnan Rules to handle them. China's concerns about domestic stability and desire to protect its political, strategic and economic interests in Myanmar arguably have contributed to China's policy toward displaced Kachins.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study is to adjust and improve the feasibility and practicability of an evaluation index system, developed for the implementation of smoke-free laws and regulations, by applying it to analyze and compare the contents and implementation of smoke-free laws and regulations in eight legislative cities in China. METHODS: In regard to indicators of the established evaluation index system, data on tobacco control/smoke-free laws and regulations and their implementation in some legislative cities in China were collected, sorted, and compared, to examine and adjust the feasibility and practicality of the indicators. RESULTS: The evaluation index system for implementation of smoke-free laws and regulations of cities in China has been adjusted to include 5 first-level indicators, including: 1) Simple, clear and executable legislation; 2) Careful planning and sufficient resources for law enforcement; 3) Participation of civil society; 4) Communication; and 5) Monitoring and evaluation of the implementation and impact of laws. There were 27 second-level indicators, including management department, scope of smoke-free places, requirements for non-smoking places etc. There were 27 third-level indicators, including construction of law enforcement, coordination network, work of coordination agencies, staffing situation etc. CONCLUSIONS: The preliminary adjusted evaluation index system for the implementation of smoke-free laws and regulations of cities in China provides a reference and standardization for evaluating effectiveness of implementation of Chinese tobacco control laws and regulations.