Suchergebnisse

Risk-response is a key component of risk management in railroad construction,for the solution of this problem, certain objectives are designed and realized to contribute this engineering project. During railroad construction risk factors exist in construction project from different aspects; for which all adopted response measures are different. In this paper we begin from theory and choose case studies aspect in risk management that how to adopt response measures. Forty-three risk factors were collected from past research and interviews with railway engineers, and grouped into nine categories. Risk response measures for each risk factor were then analyzed. The measurement is included risk retention, risk reduction, risk transfer, risk elimination or avoidance, and contingency allowances. By interviewing the railroad contractors in one project in the light of case studies, it was found that the most widely used risk response measurements were risk reduction, risk retention, and risk transfer, respectively. The present considerations of railroad contractors used for selecting their risk response measures for each risk factor. These considerations include costs of risk response measures, project procurement, delivery systems and forms of project payment. By questionnaire survey we found that abundant construction management, having nine kinds of crisis, showing that most of crisis are with contractor and relate to designer, only few belong to government agencies, related to sub-contractor and external factors.

AbstractIn the urbanisation stage of bilateral urban–rural interaction, China is adopting various policies to achieve rural revitalisation and provide diverse destinations to which farmers can migrate. Most previous studies have focused on urban destinations; thus, new countryside locations are not as well understood in this context. This study focused on first migration practices to examine new countryside destinations for farmers in China. This study established a conceptual framework to explain the diverse migration destination options based on three aspects: human capital, economic characteristics, and social characteristics. Based on survey data from farming households in a traditional agriculture area in Xinxiang, a multiple logit model was used to examine why new countryside destinations were adaptive first migration destinations. The results indicated that farmers were influenced by land capital and low initial household incomes. Specifically, many farmers were attracted to new countryside locations close to their original villages because of the need for cultivated land and farming, thus providing a logical first move in the rural–urban migration process. Poorer households were willing to first improve their living conditions in this way. This suggests that new countryside construction can help achieve rural revitalisation.