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Cet article examine les Pays-Bas autrichiens au XVIII e siècle en tant que marché aux soldats au sein duquel une économie des désertions s'est développée. Cette contribution offre une réflexion sur l'utilisation économique de l'armée par les particuliers, soldats et habitants, qui faisaient du commerce avec et grâce aux déserteurs. Les pratiques de désertion et de recrutement dans le marché militaire sont étudiées au miroir de mémoires portant sur les traités de cartel, composés du côté français et autrichien lors du renouvellement du traité de 1766 entre la France et l'Autriche et ayant pour objet la restitution réciproque des déserteurs. On examinera ainsi les raisons et motivations individuelles de la désertion et les possibilités économiques offertes par le trafic des déserteurs.

ABSTRACTThis article deals with the importance of religion as a factor influencing the inclusion and exclusion of foreigners from – and inside – the guilds in eighteenth-century Strasbourg. We consider the different notions of theétrangeras socially constructed and circumstantial. Together with factors such as social status, family ties, gender, systems of patronage, wealth, language and the citizenship rights of a town, religious and denominational boundaries constituted a major factor for influencing the inclusion and exclusion of foreigners in the early modern society. The construction and preservation of such boundaries are explored here through the examples of the carpenters' and the shipmen's guild found in the eighteenth-century multiconfessional city of Strasbourg.

The Prohibition of Foreign Military Service. The Mediation of Power and the Control of Local Elites in the Austrian Netherlands Using the example of the military, the article examines the question of the mediation of power in the Austrian Netherlands during the 18th century. Referring to the requests of subjects to join foreign armies, the article shows, on the one hand, how the prohibition to join and the therefore compulsory duty to obtain dispensation helped the Habsburg monarchy to consolidate its supremacy and to control local elites in the southern Netherlands. On the other hand, the analysis reveals clearly how a systematic inclusion of the elites from the southern Netherlands into the Habsburg domain failed despite the attempts to underpin their claim to power through a prohibition to join foreign armies. The latter turned out to be a general norm which was flexibly treated in practice and which enabled the elites from the southern Netherlands to carry on choosing between different armies.

"The paper focuses on the possibilities and problems created for the humanities by the usage of Digital Libraries. The exchange of information, forms of discussion and the process of publication in the scientific communities have changed over the recent years. On the other hand the user group of digital libraries is heterogeneous and difficult to define. We discuss the organization structure and the working process of two communities, which have quickly adapted their communication process to the use of web-technologies: the Open Source community and the scientific research community. We have to distinguish the communication technique, the applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), including search engines, and the barely started developments to realize new Web Services for DL-oriented applications, to support the library services and finally to obtain a new concept, which we call long-term access to digital structured resources by contract. A DL user views a Web Service as a 'black box' and the service has an interface. The user has only to know the preconditions so that the postconditions will support his/her requirements. We conclude by stating that we should accept that publishing and distributing structural digital resources/information is a new way of (scientific) publication based on collaborative structures. Libraries should respond to this development by providing dynamic metadata in a decentralized network of libraries." (author's abstract)