Suchergebnisse

1. Introduction: A Relational Approach to Governing Wicked Problems -- Part I A Relational Definition of Wicked Problems -- 2. Aren't All Problems Wicked? Addressing the Constructive and Destructive Critiques of the Concept of Wicked Problems -- 3. From Categorical Distinctions of Policy Problems to a Relational Approach to Wicked Problems -- 4. From Governance Failure to Failure Governance: A Relational Approach to Governing Wicked Problems -- Part II The History of the Present of the Theories of the Policy Process: From Self-Action to Trans-Action -- 5. A Genealogy of Self-Active Governance in Policy Theories -- 6. Problematizing Theoretical Understandings of Problems: From Self-actionalist to Inter-actionalist Approaches in Policy Sciences -- 7. The (Re)turn to the Political: Deepening the Grasp of Contingency in the Theories of the Policy Process -- 8. Speaking Truth to Power? The (Political) Constitution of Knowledge and Rationality in Policy-Making and Governance -- 9. From De-Problematized Expert Knowledge to Politics of Critical Dialogue: Towards Process-Relational Policy Theories -- Part III Theory and Practice of Failure Governance and Governance Failure -- 10. A Theory of Governance as Problematization and De-problematization -- 11. The Whole-of-Nation-Failure-Governance: Taiwan's Politics of Problematization of COVID-19 -- 12. Making America Do Their "Own Research" Again? Trump's Politics of De-problematization of COVID-19 -- 13. Germany's Road from Failure Governance to Governance Failure -- Part IV Concluding Remarks -- 14. In Place of Conclusions: Failing Better or Waiting for Godot in a Clumsy World of Wicked Problems?.

Police models are designed to improve safety in society. Although Estonia has not deliberately used any (combination of) police models for developing its policies of safety and its police reforms since the country regained independence, its safety has improved considerably during the last couple of decades. The scholarly discussions about police models are overwhelmingly about the possible effects of different models on safety management and about their application to particular countries. However, countries like Estonia with no consistent conceptions of police have received little attention in academic literature. We aim to fill this gap by analysing the developments of the Estonian police in its philosophical, strategic, tactical and organisational dimensions over the period between 1991 and 2013. The analysed materials include the official police development plans, legislation, statutes, training programs and statistics about the police. Our analysis shows that although safety in Estonia has improved considerably, developments of the Estonian police are characterised by internal discrepancies and inconsistencies. In view of this, we put forth some hypotheses for further studies regarding policy development in a situation where policy is not explicitly stated or where organisational reforms are seen not as "simple" or "complex" problems, but as "wicked" problems.

Police models are designed to improve safety in society. Although Estonia has not deliberately used any (combination of) police models for developing its policies of safety and its police reforms since the country regained independence, its safety has improved considerably during the last couple of decades. The scholarly discussions about police models are overwhelmingly about the possible eff ects of diff erent models on safety management and about their application to particular countries. However, countries
like Estonia with no consistent conceptions of police have received little attention in academic literature. We aim to fi ll this gap by analysing the developments of the Estonian police in its philosophical, strategic, tactical and organisational dimensions over the period between 1991 and 2013. The analysed materials include the offi cial police development plans, legislation, statutes, training programs and statistics about the police. Our analysis shows that although safety in Estonia has improved considerably, developments of the Estonian police are characterised by internal discrepancies and inconsistencies. In view of this, we put forth some hypotheses for further studies regarding policy development in a situation where policy is not explicitly stated or where organisational reforms are seen not as "simple" or "complex" problems, but as "wicked" problems.

In this article we analyse professional police and community policing in view of professionalism, strategy and structures. We aim to find ways for synthesizing these models that are usually seen as incompatible. Unlike many earlier studies of police organizations or strategies, we view strategies in the organization at the corporate, functional and operational levels, and argue that by combining them with functional and divisional principles of structuring, it is possible to place professional strategy at the core of policing, while using the community policing strategy mainly as a component part of the strategy in the framework of divisional organization. This way it is possible to avoid the risk of alienating police from the community and to ensure the successful implementation of corporate strategy through providing professional police units that perform the narrow functions, with quick and adequate information from the community.

This article analyses the general institutional preconditions and restraints of a successful local government amalgamation policy in Estonia from a Central and Eastern European perspective. We start by re-examining and re-synthesising the dynamics of capacity-scale problems during the post-communist transition. On this basis, we analyse the patterns and models of local governance and amalgamations in the sparsely populated countries with already large municipalities, developing the possibilities and barriers to achieve economy of scale and economy of scope. The article addresses key factors of local governance and amalgamations, first of all their relations vis-à-vis the citizens and the civil society. The vicious circle of a clan pattern of local government and citizen estrangement can be broken when the existing practice of municipality amalgamation will be changed. The mediating role of the central government or citizens' peak organisations must become central in the amalgamation process, because they can neutralise the traditional corporatist values of local elites at negotiations and promote the new structural profile of a municipality based on the values of democratic governance.

"This article analyses the general institutional preconditions and restraints of a successful local
government amalgamation policy in Estonia from a Central and Eastern European perspective. We start
by re-examining and re-synthesising the dynamics of capacity-scale problems during the post-communist
transition. On this basis, we analyse the patterns and models of local governance and amalgamations
in the sparsely populated countries with already large municipalities, developing the possibilities and
barriers to achieve economy of scale and economy of scope. The article addresses key factors of local
governance and amalgamations, first of all their relations vis-à-vis the citizens and the civil society.
The vicious circle of a clan pattern of local government and citizen estrangement can be broken when
the existing practice of municipality amalgamation will be changed. The mediating role of the central
government or citizens' peak organisations must become central in the amalgamation process, because
they can neutralise the traditional corporatist values of local elites at negotiations and promote the new
structural profile of a municipality based on the values of democratic governance." (author's abstract)

In this article we demonstrate why and how in the Western science of policymaking a challenge posited by empirical behaviouralism aimed at reforming the over-politicised plicy process along the analytical-rational lines in 1950s did not succeeded. However, it produced a meaningful shift in understanding the policy process and it formed by the 1970s a completely new conceptual context and discourse on the policy process. As a result, by the new millennium the positivist and constructivists perspectives, that are located at the opposite ends of the continuum of methodological presumptions, started to complement each other and even to intermingle at the level of providing practical policy solutions. In the first part we analyse how the cognitive limits and uncertainty of the context forces to re-focus policy analysis from substantive issues to the policy arena design, and to work out conceptions of interactive policymaking. Simultaneously several concepts of constructivist social science (frames, learning, narratives) were applied and adapted in the positivist perspective. We demonstrate why constructivist-interpretivist policy analysis could not for a long time get to the forefront of practical policy analysis. We demonstrate how the application of the pragmatist approach made it possible to develop the conception of design rationality. Overall, we explore the framework in which different methodologies would complement each other in providing policy advice and analysis from different practical angles.