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This article describes the empirical changes of conscription in Scandinavia since 1970 from four perspectives, i.e., the demography, economy, organization, and personnel that give Denmark, Sweden, and Norway a quite different conscription profile. No easy explanations are given for these changes which are products of complex and sometimes even contradictory decisions made at the national and organizational levels. Instead, the present conscription profiles of Denmark, and Sweden, and Norway are identified as one of three ideal reasons for using conscripts: Democracy, Deterrence, and Deployment abroad, the DDD-model. This theoretical model suggests both national and international reasons for the continuation of conscription and thus argues against reducing or abolishing conscription due to the end of the Cold War and relying, instead, on a professional army. In addition, conscripts may be better qualified for international peacekeeping missions than regulars because they can more easily identify with the local civil population. The announcement of the end of conscription as a result of the end of the Cold War, therefore, seems somewhat premature.

This article describes the empirical changes of conscription in Scandinavia since 1970 from four perspectives -- demography, economy, organization, & personnel -- that give Denmark, Sweden, & Norway quite different conscription profiles. No easy explanations are given for these changes, which are products of complex & sometimes even contradictory decisions made at the national & organizational levels. Instead, the present conscription profiles of Denmark, Sweden, & Norway are identified as one of three ideal reasons for using conscripts: Democracy, Deterrence, & Deployment abroad, the DDD-model. This theoretical model suggests both national & international reasons for the continuation of conscription & thus argues against reducing or abolishing conscription due to the end of the Cold War & relying, instead, on a professional army. In addition, conscripts may be better qualified for international peacekeeping missions than regulars because they can more easily identify with the local civil population. The announcement of the end of conscription as a result of the end of the Cold War, therefore, seems somewhat premature. 9 Tables. Adapted from the source document.

Describes two debates -- "from institution to occupation" (I/O) & Esprit de Corps -- that have been of major importance for the present understanding of the concept of the military as a profession. Charles Moskos's original I/O model (see SA 26:3/78J3470) & Morris Janowitz's reaction (see SA 26:3/78J3466) are recapitulated, as is the concept of Esprit de Corps presented by Samuel P. Huntington (1964) & Morris Janowitz (1971). It is demonstrated that the Moskos-Janowitz dispute is based on different definitions of the I/O shift & not on the existence & the extent of such a shift, while Huntington & Janowitz had no common understanding of either the existence, extent, or concepts connected to the Esprit de Corps. It is demonstrated that the approach taken by all three authors was biased due to lack of conceptual clarification & empirical testing. Analysis of the debates makes it possible to redefine the military profession as a multidimensional concept. 3 Tables, 1 Figure. Adapted from the source document.