Suchergebnisse

Бюджетна децентралізація місцевих органів влади є однією з основних економічних реформ в країні. У рамках бюджетної децентралізації уряд прагне забезпечити фінансову автономію місцевих бюджетів, змінивши з 2015 р. порядок розподілу податкових і неподаткових надходжень між державним та місцевими бюджетами. Додаткові кошти можна буде залучити за рахунок нових джерел доходів, що спрямовуються безпосередньо в місцеві бюджети. По-перше, це податок на нерухоме майно, по-друге – акцизний податок з реалізації суб'єктами господарювання роздрібної торгівлі підакцизних товарів, по-третє – в бюджети об'єднаних територіальних громад зараховуватимуть 60 % податку на доходи фізичних осіб. ; Бюджетная децентрализация местных органов власти является одной из основных экономических реформ в стране. В рамках бюджетной децентрализации правительство стремится обеспечить финансовую автономию местных бюджетов, изменив с 2015 г. порядок распределения налоговых и неналоговых поступлений между государственным и местными бюджетами. Дополнительные средства можно будет привлечь за счет новых источников доходов, направляемых непосредственно в местные бюджеты. Во-первых, это налог на недвижимое имущество, во-вторых – акцизный налог с реализации субъектами хозяйствования розничной торговли подакцизных товаров, в-третьих – в бюджеты объединенных территориальных общин будут зачислять 60 % налога на доходы физических лиц. ; Fiscal decentralization of local government is supposed to be one of the most important economic reforms in the country. Within the fiscal decentralization the government is committed to provide financial autonomy of local budgets from 2015 changing the order of distribution of tax and non-tax revenues between the state and local budgets. Additional funds can be attracted by new sources of income allocated directly to local budgets. Firstly, a tax on real estate, and secondly – the excise tax on implementation of undertakings retailers of excisable goods, thirdly – 60 % tax on personal income will be credited into the combined budgets of local communities.

1. The premises, 1830-1900 -- 2. Old diplomacy a la russe, 1868-1902 -- 3. The new ambassador and his objectives, 1902-1904 -- 4. The Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905 -- 5. The Anglo-Russian rapprochement, 1905-1907 -- 6. The school of compromise, 1907-1908 -- 7. Balance abandoned, 1908-1910 -- 8. Waiting for an August war, 1910-1913 -- 9. The price of an alliance, 1914-1917.

The article analyzes Canadian temporary foreign worker migration policies through the prism of Canada's Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP), one of the largest and oldest seasonal worker programs in Canada's postwar immigration policies, whose main participants are seasonal farmworker migrants from Mexico. The article outlines the premises of Canadian labor migration policies and presents a brief history of Mexican migrations to Canada. Most importantly, however, it focuses on the functioning of SAWP, presenting the program's positive impact as well as its shortages and failures through the lens of experiences of its Mexican participants. The summary of this text proposes certain reforms and changes to SAWP that might help eliminate some of the program's deficiencies.

The article focuses on the features of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement and the economic consequences of its implementation for Ukraine. The impact on foreign trade, export–import component of trade with the EU, problems and prospects for introducing European standards in Ukraine are determined. The study hypothesises that the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement has worsened the already weak economic situation in Ukraine and led to a reorientation of Ukraine's foreign trade with a simultaneous loss of markets to which Ukraine exported high value-added products and their replacement for EU markets where only raw materials are exported. It also led to a loss of more than a quarter of its own industrial production and the gradual transformation of Ukraine into a raw material appendage of Europe.

The infrequent publications about women's agency in European diplomacy have concerned themselves with either the early modern age or the post-World War I period, but women remain virtually absent from the diplomatic history of the long nineteenth century. To determine their place in the European political world of this period, this article examines the experiences of four Russian diplomats' wives. The biographical approach reveals contradictions in patriarchal discourse: it required a diplomat's wife to be worthy of her role as a representative of the Russian Empire, yet effectively dismissed her from politics. From this another contradiction ensued: as a diplomat's wife played no political role, the ministry turned a blind eye if her actions challenged traditional social and gender norms, even when such actions led to the neglect of her duties as her husband's helpmeet.

The purpose of the article is to highlight different aspects of the interpretation of artistic experiments of theatrical performances based on the works of V. Vinnichenko, taking into account the general concept of their artistic and aesthetic specificity, genre and stylistic features, and the original artistic manner of the playwright. The research methodology consists in the application of the cultural-historical method to analyze the interpretation of V. Vinnichenko's dramatic works, peculiar key creative processes, director's interpretations of his plays as future stage forms; art history method for comprehending the artistic and creative activities of a playwright in the context of evolution and progressive ideas in the art of theater; a modeling method for analyzing the model-setting of a specific period of the playwright's work; a structural-functional method for the study of the main guidelines in the organization of the creative process over a stage work. The scientific novelty of the research lies in carrying out a figurative-stylistic, artistic compositional analysis of the evolutionary process of V. Vinnichenko's creativity as a modernist playwright of the early twentieth century. Conclusions. There is every reason to state that the appearance of the figure of V. Vynnychenko was an extraordinary event: his phenomenon also lies in the fact that he is one of the few in Ukrainian and world literature who became a classic during his lifetime. Based on a comparison of literary sources and performances, it can be noted that there was an experiment and a search for new stage forms. And the peculiarities of the interpretation of V. Vinnichenko's works in the Ukrainian theater lie in the fact that it was determined by different components of the stage performance, as well as the socio-historical and cultural contexts of the life of Ukraine, which determined the experiments, methods, and forms of interpretation of the literary basis.
Keywords: V. Vinnichenko, playwright, theater, director, performance.

The article explores Donald Trump's protectionist rhetoric relating to bilateral trade relations between Canada and the U.S. In particular, it presents how Trump's isolationist economic platform evolved into trade war rhetoric and how this rhetoric affected Canada. To that end, the article analyzes President Trump's statements and policies regarding the renegotiations of NAFTA, his administration's tariff policies relating to imports of Canadian softwood lumber, steel and aluminum, and Trump's opinions published in social media, mainly on Twitter. It also takes a comparative look on Donald Trump's and Justin Trudeau's ideological profiles to explain Trump's lack of sympathy and hardline rhetoric against Canada.

Purpose of Article. To find out the peculiarities of understanding and interpretation of the techniques "subtext" and "apart"; in the stage speech of the actor; prove the features and commonalities between the two techniques. Methodology: analytical – to study the existing theoretical interpretations of the subtext and apparatus and their practical application; comparative – in the comparison and comparative analysis of theoretical and practical interpretations and applications of the techniques of "subtext" and "apart"; logical-generalizing – to summarize the results of the study, to formulate conclusions. Scientific novelty. Work is to prove that the subtext, as a method of expression of true thoughts, feelings, and intentions of the protagonist – is always present in the text. In the case of direct text – the subtext is open and is a thorough verbal action of the actor. In the case of non-direct text – the subtext is hidden and is an expression of foreign content, the meaning of the statement. For the first time, the commonalities and peculiarities of stage techniques "subtext", "apart" and the essence of the comedy of the situation at apart are considered and proved. Conclusions. It was found that K. Stanislavsky and the followers of his teachings interpret the subtext (illustrated subtext) as the inner life of the role, psychological baggage, the emotional and volitional beginning of stage speech, which justifies the utterance of the text. The commonalities and peculiarities of the stage techniques "subtext" and "apart" in the verbal action of the actor and the essence of the comedy of the reception "aparte" are considered and proved.

This article explores the role played by the 1940 Katyń massacre in structuring foreign relations between post-communist Poland and Russia. In so doing, it offers a theoretical model through which to understand the combative politics over history that have burgeoned in Eastern and Central Europe after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Tracing how political discourse over the massacre has evolved from the late 1980s to the present, it examines the impact of exogenous influences and changing geopolitical realities on how this event is recalled within these two states, which exhibit markedly different relationships to their shared past. Questions of regime type, relative standing within the region, and how—as well as by whom—interstate discourse over contentious historical events is initiated are all central to the model of dispute origination developed herein, as is the presence of various institutional factors, chief among them membership in the supranational European Union (EU). A shadow study of Polish–Ukrainian relations concerning history, focusing on the mass killing of ethnic Poles that took place in Volhynia and eastern Galicia in the period 1943–1945, is also undertaken in order to illuminate the significant differences in how the past has been politically activated in relations between the respective post-Soviet dyads of Poland–Russia and Poland–Ukraine.