Suchergebnisse

During the early modern centuries, the Spanish nation played the lead in a process of European expansion that blurred all boundaries. The breaking of each and every oceanic horizon was only possible because the country had the appropriate ships and navigation systems, although the implicit knowledge in such communication and war resources still leaves a lot to be desired. This article attempts to draft a panoramic sketch of the state of this matter by considering some methodological aspects, and others which, in our view, characterize the various junctures which followed one another throughout the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries. Ultimately, it seeks to motivate critical reflection and, in a rigorous way, enables to tackle the prevailing apparent contradiction between the pejorative state of international historiographic opinion, regarding the Spanish ships that constructed and maintained oceanic routes in the Modern Ages, and the axiom of the impossibility of a threefold political, economic and military preponderance, necessary to run an empire, if the technology and capacity of creation, renovation and adaptation available are not of superior quality than the rivals'.

An increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) and other types of tumor is associated to Lynch syndrome (LS), an inherited condition caused by germline mutations in mismatch repair genes. We selected a cohort of LS patients that had developed CRC and had undergone surgical resection. Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks from matched colorectal and normal mucosa were used for genomic DNA extraction with a commercial kit and sequenced by high-throughput sequencing. A metagenomic approach enabled the taxonomic and functional identification of the microbial community and associated genes detected in the specimens. Slightly lower taxonomic diversity was observed in the tumor compared to the non-tumor tissue. Furthermore, the most remarkable differences between tumors and healthy tissue was the significant increase in the genus Fusobacterium in the former, in particular the species F. nucleatum, as well as Camplylobacter or Bacteroides fragilis, in accordance with previous studies of CRC. However, unlike prior studies, the present work is not based on directed detection by qPCR but instead uses a metagenomic approach to retrieve the whole bacterial community, and addresses the additional difficulty of using long-term stored FFPE samples. ; We want to particularly acknowledge the patients and the Biobank IBSP-CV (PT17/0015/0017) integrated in the Spanish National Biobanks Network and in the Valencian Biobanking Network, especially A. Ahicart, D. Molina and J. Martínez, for their collaboration. This research was funded by grants to AM from the Fundación Científica de la Asociación Española contra el Cancer (project AECC 2017-1485), including a post-doctoral contract to VPB first and to SRR later. GD is recipient of a PhD fellowship from the Junta Asociada Provincial de Valencia AECC. Action co-financed by the European Union through the Operational Program of European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) of Valencia Region (Spain) 2014-2020. ; Peer reviewed

An increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) and other types of tumor is associated to Lynch syndrome (LS), an inherited condition caused by germline mutations in mismatch repair genes. We selected a cohort of LS patients that had developed CRC and had undergone surgical resection. Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks from matched colorectal and normal mucosa were used for genomic DNA extraction with a commercial kit and sequenced by high-throughput sequencing. A metagenomic approach enabled the taxonomic and functional identification of the microbial community and associated genes detected in the specimens. Slightly lower taxonomic diversity was observed in the tumor compared to the non-tumor tissue. Furthermore, the most remarkable differences between tumors and healthy tissue was the significant increase in the genus Fusobacterium in the former, in particular the species F. nucleatum, as well as Camplylobacter or Bacteroides fragilis, in accordance with previous studies of CRC. However, unlike prior studies, the present work is not based on directed detection by qPCR but instead uses a metagenomic approach to retrieve the whole bacterial community, and addresses the additional difficulty of using long-term stored FFPE samples. ; This research was funded by grants to AM from the Fundación Científica de la Asociación Española contra el Cancer (project AECC 2017-1485), including a post-doctoral contract to VPB first and to SRR later. GD is recipient of a PhD fellowship from the Junta Asociada Provincial de Valencia AECC. Action co-financed by the European Union through the Operational Program of European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) of Valencia Region (Spain) 2014-2020.

Se presentan los resultados del primer estudio a nivel nacional en México de la ganancia educativa de los alumnos de tres generaciones, quienes concluyeron su educación media superior a partir de 2013. Se analizan datos de pruebas estandarizadas ENLACE de tercero de secundaria y de ENLACE/PLANEA de tercer grado de bachillerato, a través de reactivos ancla que midieran constructos semejantes en dos momentos en el tiempo para los mismos estudiantes. La comparación de medias de habilidad en los dos momentos de evaluación permite identificar que hay avance en el rendimiento de los alumnos al concluir el bachillerato, independientemente de la institución, algunas características individuales y el lugar donde se ubique la escuela. Se presentan análisis bivariados y multivariados, identificando diferencias en la ganancia educativa de acuerdo con el subsistema de educación media superior en que se estudió, turno al que asistió, tipo de secundaria del que provinieron y sexo de los estudiantes, entre otras variables.

Constitutional MLH1 methylation (epimutation) is a rare cause of Lynch syndrome. Low-level methylation (≤ 10%) has occasionally been described. This study aimed to identify low-level constitutional MLH1 epimutations and determine its causal role in patients with MLH1-hypermethylated colorectal cancer. Eighteen patients with MLH1-hypermethylated colorectal tumors in whom MLH1 methylation was previously undetected in blood by methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA) were screened for MLH1 methylation using highly sensitive MS-melting curve analysis (MS-MCA). Constitutional methylation was characterized by different approaches. MS-MCA identified one patient (5.6%) with low-level MLH1 methylation (~ 1%) in blood and other normal tissues, which was confirmed by clonal bisulfite sequencing in blood. The patient had developed three clonally related gastrointestinal MLH1-methylated tumor lesions at 22, 24, and 25 years of age. The methylated region in normal tissues overlapped with that reported for other carriers of constitutional MLH1 epimutations. Low-level MLH1 methylation and reduced allelic expression were linked to the same genetic haplotype, whereas the opposite allele was lost in patient's tumors. Mutation screening of MLH1 and other hereditary cancer genes was negative. Herein, a highly sensitive MS-MCA-based approach has demonstrated its utility for the identification of low-level constitutional MLH1 epigenetic mosaicism. The eventual identification and characterization of additional cases will be critical to ascertain the cancer risks associated with constitutional MLH1 epigenetic mosaicism ; This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, which is part of Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), and co-funded by FEDER funds—a way to build Europe—(grant SAF2012-33636 and SAF2015-68016-R), CIBERONC, the Spanish Association Against Cancer (080253), and the Government of Catalonia (grants 2014SGR338, 2017SGR1282, and PERIS SLT002/16/0037). ED ...