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i. Executive Summary ix ii. Zusammenfassung xiv iii. Abbreviations xx iv. List of Figures xxii v. List of Tables xxii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Project Sketch 1 1.2 Minsupala 4 1.3 Adaptable Approach: Historical Materialism 7 1.4 Overall Methodology and Paper Structure 9 1.5 Reflection on Progressive Revolutionary Projects 12 2 THEORETICAL BASE AND METHODOLOGY 17 2.1 Historical and Philosophical Background 17 2.2 Meta-Questions: Structures and Processes 26 2.3 Production of Society 31 2.4 Society in Crisis 37 2.5 Role of Violence in Crisis 42 2.6 Cross-Cut I: Intellectuals – Organizers of Society 47 2.7 Cross- Cut II: Space – Segregation and Integration 52 2.8 Methods 63 2.9 Data 67 3 SOCIAL STRUCTURES IN MINSUPALA 73 3.1 Material Base 73 3.2 Ideas 82 3.3 Institutions 92 3.4 Violence 103 4 HISTORICAL PROCESSES IN MINSUPALA 113 4.1 LP-PC: Liberal Post-Colonial Hegemony 113 4.2 NL-AC: National Liberal Anti- Colonial Hegemony Project 139 4.3 NR-AC: National Religious Anti-Colonial Hegemony Project 163 4.4 ST-AC: Socialist-Tri-People Anti-Colonial Hegemony Project 178 4.5 NP-CH: Non-Project in a Crisis of Hegemony 190 5 ANALYTICAL SUMMARY: COMBINING STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES IN MINSUPALA 203 5.1 Integration and Segregation Over Time 205 5.2 Comparing Hegemony Projects 236 5.3 Empirical Answers 248 6 GROUNDING I: HEGEMONY, CONFLICTS, AND CRISES 259 6.1 Minsupala and Hegemony Theory 259 6.2 Colonialism as Foreign Induced Crisis 265 6.3 Post-Colonialism as Passive Revolution 270 6.4 Challenges of a Passive Revolution and Handling its Crisis 276 6.5 Revolutionary Attempts of Resistance and/or Progress 278 6.6 Summary 283 7 GROUNDING II: DYNAMICS OF CRISES 287 7.1 Methods of Revolution in Minsupala 287 7.2 Violence in Colonial Intervention and Passive Revolution 291 7.3 Production of Violence in Organic Crises 293 7.4 Violence and Hegemony Struggles 299 7.5 Self-Reproducing Violence Systems 306 7.6 Summary 310 8 WORK JUST STARTED 317 ANNEX 329 A Interviews 329 B Original Gramsci Quotes in Italian Language 330 C Literature 335 ...

War ; fragile states ; and warlords are topics of current peace and conflict studies ; often linked in this order. The situation on the southern Philippines shows a rather different picture: lords in war outperform warlords and stand at the beginning and end of the chain of causation. They possess a triple power base: i) an inherited socioeconomic ruling position ; ii) a gate keeper role collaborating as local politicians with the oligarchic Philippine State ; and iii) their violence capacities in a conflict situation between state and rebel groups. The paper compares along material ; ideal and institutional dimensions warlords and lords in war ; based on a historical-materialist approach. The analytical differentiation of warlords and lords in war is not without ambiguities. However ; it helps to highlight that the conceptual antagonism of state vs. warlord conceals that local rulers develop a new hybrid role combining formal and informal capacities and practices. Therefore ; reintegration of rebel soldiers ; socioeconomic development programs ; and a strengthening of state forces will counter warlords. To counter lords in war towards a more democratic society ; more elaborated structural change has to occur. This would support the claims of the main rebel groups. However ; necessary change does not just encompass the local arena as such ; but the Philippine post/neo-colonial power system as a whole. It remains a difficult task for the ongoing peace processes. The analytical results advice peace and conflict studies that a look on social structures can inform their analysis. In post/neo-colonial local government structures ; direct violence is not just the top conflict level but an intrinsic factor of ruling. Advocates of change on the other hand have to focus more strongly on the dynamics of crises ; dismissing the idea of short and clean-cut revolutionary developments. Thus ; social and conflict analyses have to be combined to enable scientific support of peace processes. A further elaboration of the used approach could be a possibility.

This paper provides a critical analysis of the possible methods, data sources and the existing results of the field of 'the economic costs of mass violent conflict' by identifying strengths and weaknesses of the existing literature. The report evaluates content, methods, and data sources of the existing studies. Regarding the content, the studies offer a broad range of tested cause and impact variables. However, their selection of considered factors is quite sketchy, and a general theoretical underpinning is missing. This warrants above all a better understanding of the channels of indirect effects of the economic consequences of mass violent conflicts. Out of the combination of findings from the different studies we can hypothesize that investment, military expenditure, sectoral shifts, and institutions and policies are key channels. To consider the economic costs, aside from accounting, most studies rely on counterfactual regression analyses. Also with respect to the methodology, an evolutionary progress has not taken place in the literature. The most prominent data sets used are the COW and the UCDP/PRIO for conflicts and the Penn World Tables and the World Development Indicators for socioeconomic data. Based on the critical survey of the literature we propose three models for estimating crosscountry costs of mass violent conflict. These models differ by complexity, ranging from standard regression analysis to computable general equilibrium models. We also discuss other forms of violent conflicts and possibilities to analyze them by using the proposed models.

Image-based 3D models generation typically involves three stages, namely: 2D image acquisition, data processing, and 3D surface generation and editing. The availability of different easy-to-use and low-cost image acquisition solutions, combined with open-source or commercial processing tools, has democratized the 3D reconstruction and digital twin generation. But high geometric and texture fidelity on small- to medium-scale objects as well as integrated commercial system for mass 3D digitization are not available. The paper presents our effort to build such a system, i.e. a market-ready multi-camera solution and a customized reconstruction process for mass 3D digitization of small to medium objects. The system is realized as a joint work between industrial and academic partners, in order to employ the latest technologies for the needs of the market. The proposed versatile image acquisition and processing system pushes to the limits the 3D digitization pipeline combining a rigid capturing system with photogrammetric reconstruction methods.

Image-based 3D models generation typically involves three stages, namely: 2D image acquisition, data processing, and 3D surface generation and editing. The availability of different easy-to-use and low-cost image acquisition solutions, combined with open-source or commercial processing tools, has democratized the 3D reconstruction and digital twin generation. But high geometric and texture fidelity on small- to medium-scale objects as well as integrated commercial system for mass 3D digitization are not available. The paper presents our effort to build such a system, i.e. a market-ready multi-camera solution and a customized reconstruction process for mass 3D digitization of small to medium objects. The system is realized as a joint work between industrial and academic partners, in order to employ the latest technologies for the needs of the market. The proposed versatile image acquisition and processing system pushes to the limits the 3D digitization pipeline combining a rigid capturing system with photogrammetric reconstruction methods.