This work applied a Compact System consisting of a Reactor Up flow Sludge Blanket (UASB) in conjunction with s Submerged Anaerobic Filter containing polyurethane cubes as support media, followed by a Solar Photolytic Reactor. The compact anaerobic system produced a clarified effluent with low concentration of organic matter, especially dissolved (20 mg .VSS/L), and free of helminthes eggs. These low concentrations of suspended solids facilitated photolytic disinfection process producing a good quality final effluent, of which 90% of the samples were thoroughly disinfected, while the other fraction showed concentration of Thermotolerant Coliform (TTC) at or below 100 CFU/100 mL and high concentrations of nutrients (48 mg . NH4+-N/L and 6,4mg PO4-3-P/L) enabling the use of irrigation for productive purposes. Another advantages of the compact anaerobic treatment consisted of low sludge production, and relatively simple operation without energy consumption. These advantages results in a significant reduction in operational costs of sewage treatment, and, indeed, an outlet for developing countries in tropical climate.
About 245 thousand tones of municipal solid waste are collected daily in Brazil. Nearly 32 thousand tones of the collected amount are treated in sanitary landfill, which generates biogas and leachate as byproduct. The leachate resulting from sanitary landfill contains high concentration of carbonaceous and nitrogenized material. The crucial question is that the biodegradation of the carbonaceous material is difficult as long as the nitrogenized material is present in the form of ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4+), which compromises performance of biological treatment process. Therefore, a physical and chemical treatment of the leachate should be done before its biological treatment, especially for reduction of ammoniacal nitrogen concentration and for propitiating the realization of application of biological treatment. The treatment of leachate requires specific consideration, which is not needed for other types of waste. In the specific case in this study, where ammoniacal nitrogen concentration was about 2,200 mgN L-1 and the BOD5/COD ratio was 0.3, the study of ammonia stripping process was performed. Ammonia stripping process was studied in packed towers of 35 L capacity each and the parameters investigated were pH, ratio of contact area/leach volume and the aeration time. One of the parameters that influenced most in efficiency of ammonia stripping process was pH of the leachate since it contributes in conversion of ammoniacal nitrogen from NH4+ to NH3.
In Brazil, the per capita generation of municipal solid waste is approximately 0.80kg.hab-1.day-1, which implies daily production of 156 tons, whereas on average 50% of this quantity of waste is composed mainly of putrescible organic material that will contribute to the leachate generation process directly influencing the qualitative and quantitative aspects. Landfill leachate basically originates from the percolation process of different types of water and is considered a wastewater to cause in significant environmental impact on the environment, given in possession of high concentration of ammonia nitrogen, organic matter difficult to biodegradation, metals heavy and xenobiotics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of a series of stabilization ponds, the treatment process conjugate of landfill leachate fresh more domestic sewage in the proportion of 1 plus 99% (volume percent), respectively. The experimental system consisted of four stabilization ponds in series, being a facultative pond, followed by three maturation ponds. The applied surface charge (λs) the series of stabilization ponds was 320 kgDBO5 . ha-1.day-1 with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 17 days for the series. The average removal efficiency of BOD5 and ammonia was 69 and 86% respectively, while removing coliform efficiency always in the 99.9% threshold during the monitoring period was 220 days. Overall it can be concluded that treatment conjugate landfill leachate and sewage in stabilization ponds, in northeastern Brazil, is emerging as a promising technological alternative, given the comfortable area availability in northeastern Brazil, conditions climate favorable and the ponds system present low ratio cost / benefit when compared to other waste treatment systems of this nature.
The car wash business has developed rapidly in recent years due to the increased number of cars, thus, it can cause serious environmental problems considering its potential source of pollution. The aim of this study was to characterize the wastewater from car washing companies in the city of Campina Grande, in Paraiba state, and to analyze the environmental impacts generated. A survey was conducted from November 2009 to July 2010. The first step we present a survey of car wash businesses in the city, and identified 20 licensed companies in which we evaluated the number of vehicles washed per week, the existence of a system of pre-treatment of wastewater generated and infrastructure that would allow the realization of the collection of samples of the effluent, the second step was carried out chemical and physical characterization of wastewater from five 20 companies surveyed in the previous step, and third stage were measured pollution loads of wastewater from washing of vehicles in the city, from the results obtained in previous steps. The characterization parameters were analyzed: oil and grease, COD, heavy metals, TS, TSS, turbidity, TKN, total P, pH and color. The results demonstrated that the wastewater from the car wash establishments shows high concentrations of organic matter, oils and grease, heavy metals and solids, and as such did not conform with the specific environmental legislation. Evaluation of pollutant loads demonstrated that if releases without proper treatment, it can cause serious environmental problems. It is therefore essential that these establishments are properly monitored. ; As empresas de lavagem de veículos têm se desenvolvido rapidamente nos últimos anos, devido ao crescente aumento da frota de automóveis, assim, podem ocasionar sérios problemas ambientais por serem fontes potenciais de poluição. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as águas residuárias provenientes de empresas de lavagem de veículos da cidade de Campina Grande, no estado da Paraíba, e identificar os impactos ambientais gerados. A pesquisa foi realizada no período de novembro de 2009 a julho de 2010, sendo executada em três etapas: na primeira etapa foi realizado o levantamento das empresas de lavagem de veículos da cidade, e identificaram-se 20 empresas licenciadas, nas quais se avaliou o número de veículos lavados por semana, a existência de sistema de pré-tratamento das águas residuárias geradas e de infraestrutura que permitisse a realização da coleta das amostras do efluente; na segunda etapa foi realizada a caracterização química e física das águas residuárias de cinco das 20 empresas pesquisadas na etapa anterior; e na terceira etapa, foram quantificadas as cargas poluidoras das águas residuárias provenientes da lavagem de veículos da cidade, a partir dos resultados obtidos nas etapas anteriores. Os parâmetros analisados na caracterização foram: óleos e graxas, DQO, metais pesados, ST, SST, turbidez, NTK, P-total, cor e pH. Os resultados demonstram que as águas residuárias de lavagem de veículos apresentam altas concentrações de matéria orgânica, de óleos e graxas, metais pesados e de sólidos, que estão em discordância com a legislação ambiental específica. A avaliação das cargas poluidoras demonstrou que se lançados sem devido tratamento, podem causar sérios problemas ambientais sendo, portanto, indispensável o gerenciamento adequado dessas atividades. ; As empresas de lavagem de veículos têm se desenvolvido rapidamente nos últimos anos, devido ao crescente aumento da frota de automóveis, assim, podem ocasionar sérios problemas ambientais por serem fontes potenciais de poluição. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as águas residuárias provenientes de empresas de lavagem de veículos da cidade de Campina Grande, no estado da Paraíba, e identificar os impactos ambientais gerados. A pesquisa foi realizada no período de novembro de 2009 a julho de 2010, sendo executada em três etapas: na primeira etapa foi realizado o levantamento das empresas de lavagem de veículos da cidade, e identificaram-se 20 empresas licenciadas, nas quais se avaliou o número de veículos lavados por semana, a existência de sistema de pré-tratamento das águas residuárias geradas e de infraestrutura que permitisse a realização da coleta das amostras do efluente; na segunda etapa foi realizada a caracterização química e física das águas residuárias de cinco das 20 empresas pesquisadas na etapa anterior; e na terceira etapa, foram quantificadas as cargas poluidoras das águas residuárias provenientes da lavagem de veículos da cidade, a partir dos resultados obtidos nas etapas anteriores. Os parâmetros analisados na caracterização foram: óleos e graxas, DQO, metais pesados, ST, SST, turbidez, NTK, P-total, cor e pH. Os resultados demonstram que as águas residuárias de lavagem de veículos apresentam altas concentrações de matéria orgânica, de óleos e graxas, metais pesados e de sólidos, que estão em discordância com a legislação ambiental específica. A avaliação das cargas poluidoras demonstrou que se lançados sem devido tratamento, podem causar sérios problemas ambientais sendo, portanto, indispensável o gerenciamento adequado dessas atividades.
