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This article presents an economic growth model with human capital, based upon Arrow (1962), which evaluates the impact of political leadership change either in governments or political parties. The change of leadership might be seen as a change in embedded human capital, and thus we might evaluate the loss or gain for society due to these political activities. The approach is theoretical using Arrowian economic setting and formulates the conditions in which it is worth it, or how long does it take to recover from a political leadership change. The embedded process is an economic one, known as "learning by doing", but this time applied to political processes. Resumo Este artigo apresenta um modelo de crescimento económico com capital humano, baseado em Arrow (1962), que avalia o impacto da mudança de liderança política em governos ou partidos políticos. A mudança de liderança pode ser vista como uma mudança no capital humano incorporado e, portanto, podemos avaliar a perda ou ganho para a sociedade em sequência dessas atividades políticas. A abordagem é teórica com base no cenário económico de Arrow e formula as condições pelas quais vale a pena, ou quanto tempo é necessário para recuperar de uma mudança de liderança política. O processo incorporado é econôóico, conhecido como 'learning by doing', mas desta vez aplicado a processos políticos.

This paper assesses the different dimensions of Global Governance for International Organizations in different settings and contexts. We focus specifically on the (P,L,A) Proximity, Legitimacy, Accountability approach measuring it by using the Zweifel (2006) framework. We update his approach taking into account the current global crisis since 2008, and construct a new rating and ranking for the Food and Agriculture Organization (F.A.O.). Some policy recommendations, namely for FAO organization are expected, namely trying to avert the global food crisis, and the rating and ranking among other functional organizations such as the IMF, WB, WTO, WFP, and UN. The final goal is to abridge almost all the International Organizations (IO) in the framework of Global Governance and establish a new framework to compare the different working dimensions of appointment, transparency, delegation, deny/over-rule, accountability specifically for F.A.O.

We present an economic growth model with human capital, based upon Arrow (1962), in which we assess the impact of political leadership change either in governments or political parties. The change of leadership might be seen as a change in embedded human capital, and thus we might evaluate the loss or gain for society due to these political activities. The approach is theoretical using Arrowian economic setting. We formulate the conditions in which it is worth it, or how long does it take to recover from a political leadership change. The embedded process is an economic one, known as "learning by doing", but this time applied to political processes.

We justify why a single seat from European members in international fora might be preferable than a multitude of seats. Leech and Leech (2005), Eichengreen (2008) proposed this reform at the IMF. Why? Even though nowadays European Union has an aggregate voting power that is higher than its' respective (expected) share in world output or population weight; If the single seat is obtained, more coordinated expected outcomes can be achieved. This line of reasoning is compatible with the single mindedness theory created by Mulligan and Sala-I-Martin and further extended by Canegrati. Focusing in one policy gives more political power for the single European seat.

We show the Portuguese transition to the euro, in the framework of political economics, by constructing a bivariate confidence index, based upon Rocha de Sousa (1998, 1999a,b, 2001). Besides we try to understand if the euro functioned as an instrument of politico-economic integration. The article has the following structure: section 1 shows the process of monetary European construction, section two illustrates the need for budget consolidation before the euro, section three illustrates the notion of monetary credibility and the construction of a bivariate politico-economic index, section four illustrates the role of ECB and of the SECB, section 5 assesses the study of euro impact on Portugal and, section 6 evaluates EMU after 10 years based upon EC (2008) and, finnally, section 7 concludes.

We define in section 1 our notion of land reform, on section 2, the most important social and political movements of land reform in Latin America are presented. On section 3 we use a theoretical model in the context of economic growth with human capital learning-by-doing to evaluate land reforms. Section 4, discusses the results. Section 5 presents some economic efficiency estimates for the "Cédula" project of 2000 in NE Brazil - a market led land bill project, sponsored by the World Bank (WB) and the Ministry of Agricultural Development (MDA). Finally, section 6 concludes, and section 7 presents the references.

This number of the IJLTFES - International Journal of Latest Trends in Finance and Economic Sciences is dedicated specifically to Political Economy of Land Reform. The discussion involving these subjects comprises several authors who have contributed to this number of the Journal with their work and to whom the Editors would like to thank for their participation. After this recognition, it is suitable to thank also to all the reviewers for their contributions for the improvement of the Journal's issue.

This number of the IJLTFES - International Journal of Latest Trends in Finance and Economic Sciences is dedicated specifically to Political Economy of Land Reform. The discussion involving these subjects comprises several authors who have contributed to this number of the Journal with their work and to whom the Editors would like to thank for their participation. After this recognition, it is suitable to thank also to all the reviewers for their contributions for the improvement of the Journals issue.

We assess the general impact of land reforms on growth using human capital growth models due to Arrow (1962) - the main newness of the paper- after surveying the literature and building a typology. Thus, we conclude that land reform can yet been used as a modern tool to spur growth and development, but with our approach we can define the main limits and constraints that can block this growth. We conclude that a raise in undifferentiated wages after land reform leads to an unrecoverable society welfare loss; thus, yielding a lesson to political agents decision-makers elected after land reforms wage raise land reform should not be used as an electoral motto.

We assess the general impact of land reforms on growth using human capital growth models due to Arrow (1962) - the main newness of the paper- after surveying the literature and building a typology. Thus, we conclude that land reform can yet been used as a modern tool to spur growth and development, but with our approach we can define the main limits and constraints that can block this growth. We conclude that a raise in undifferentiated wages after land reform leads to an unrecoverable society welfare loss; thus, yielding a lesson to political agents' decision-makers elected after land reforms – wage raise land reform should not be used as an electoral motto. ; peer-reviewed