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Cover -- Contents -- I. Introduction -- II. Literature Review and Theoretical Background -- III. Empirical Analysis -- A. Methodology -- B. Data -- C. Efficiency Estimates -- D. Direct Channel and Non-Linear Relationship -- E. Political and Institutional Conditions -- F. Robustness -- G. Revenue Decentralization -- IV. Conclusions and Policy Implications -- Tables -- 1. Descriptive Statistics -- 2. Stochastic Frontier Estimates of Public Service Efficiency -- 3. Fiscal Decentralization and Public Expenditure Efficiency -- 4. Fiscal Decentralization and Public Expenditure Efficiency (Non-linearity) -- 5. Fiscal Decentralization and Political/Institutional Environments -- 6. Fiscal Decentralization and Political/Institutional Environments (Sub-groups) -- 7. Fiscal Decentralization and Public Expenditure Efficiency: Excluding Outliers -- 8. Fiscal Decentralization and Public Expenditure Efficiency: Alternative Efficiency Estimates -- 9. Fiscal Decentralization and Public Expenditure Efficiency: Absorbing Short-Term Fluctuations -- 10. Fiscal Decentralizatiojn and Public Expenditure Efficiency: Alternative Political and Institutional Variables -- 11. Revenue Decentralization: Baseline and Country-Specific Estimates -- 12. Revenue Decentralization: Alternative Efficiency Estimates -- 13. Revenue Decentralization: Excluding Outliers -- 14. Revenue Decentralization: Political/Institutional Interactions -- Figure -- 1. Share of Subnational Government Expenditure/Revenue -- References -- Annexes -- I. Countries, Data Coverage, and Sources -- II. Variables, Definition and Data Sources -- III. Alternative Policy Outcome Variables