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Erosion tolerance is the most multidisciplinary field of soil erosion research. Scientists have shown lack in ability to adequately analyze the huge list of variables that influence soil loss tolerance definitions. For these the perspectives of erosion made by farmers, environmentalists, society and politicians have to be considered simultaneously. Partial and biased definitions of erosion tolerance may explain not only the polemic nature of the currently suggested values but also, in part, the nonadoption of the desired levels of erosion control. To move towards a solution, considerable changes would have to occur on how this topic is investigated, especially among scientists, who would have to change methods and strategies and extend the perspective of research out of the boundaries of the physical processes and the frontiers of the academy. A more effective integration and communication with the society and farmers, to learn about their perspective of erosion and a multidisciplinary approach, integrating soil, social, economic and environmental sciences are essential for improved erosion tolerance definitions. In the opinion of the authors, soil erosion research is not moving in this direction and a better understanding of erosion tolerance is not to be expected in the near future. ; A tolerância de perda de terra é o campo mais multidisciplinar das pesquisas em erosão do solo. Os cientistas têm demonstrado falta de habilidade para analisar adequadamente a enorme lista de variáveis que influenciam a definição da tolerância de perda de solo. Para isto, a ótica dos agricultores, ambientalistas, sociedade e forças políticas têm que ser considerada simultaneamente. Definições de tolerância parciais ou tendenciosas podem explicar não apenas o caráter polêmico dos valores sugeridos atualmente como também, em parte, a não adoção dos níveis de controle de erosão desejados. Consideráveis mudanças na forma de investigação deste tópico devem ser implementadas visando uma solução mais adequada, especialmente entre os cientistas, que teriam que mudar métodos e estratégias e ampliar a sua ótica para fronteiras além da física dos processos envolvidos e dos limites da academia. Uma integração mais efetiva e uma comunicação mais eficiente com a sociedade e com os agricultores, procurando aprender com as suas óticas sobre erosão e uma abordagem multidisciplinar, integrando as ciências do solo, sociais, econômica e ambiental são essenciais para melhorar a definição da tolerância de perdas. Na opinião dos autores, a ciência do solo não está se movendo nesta direção e uma compreensão melhor da tolerância de perda não deve ser esperada num futuro próximo.

Pastures are normally associated with minor erosion problems because of their efficient soil cover. Soil cover is without doubt the most effective inter-rill and rill erosion control practice. However, considering the frequency at which pastures are replanted in Brazil and their enormous territorial extension (178 million hectares) we identify that extensive areas, usually covered by pastures, will remain bare, intensively tilled, and without complementary mechanical soil control practices. The pasture area is equivalent to that occupied by most important Brazilian annual crops (corn or soybeans), that are usually cultivated under no-tillage or supported by governmental soil conservation programs. The precise assessment of these impacts, caused by the estimated 10 million hectares of the yearly replanted pastures is unknown, and there is lack of scientific knowledge to suggest an adequate solution. This is, probably, the greatest challenge of Brazilian soil conservation and for an adequate resolution, will require a joint effort of researchers, technicians, educators and stakeholders. ; As pastagens normalmente são associadas a menores problemas causados pela erosão devido ao fato de serem eficientes coberturas do solo, controlando bem as erosões em sulco e entre-sulcos. Mas, considerando a freqüência da renovação das pastagens cultivadas no Brasil e sua grande extensão territorial (178 milhões de hectares) é possível identificar que áreas expressivas, usualmente cobertas por pastagens, permanecerão descobertas e serão intensivamente preparadas sem nenhuma prática complementar de controle da erosão. Esta área equivale ao mesmo montante da área ocupada pelas principais culturas anuais (soja e milho) que são normalmente cultivadas em plantio direto ou suportadas por programas governamentais de conservação. A precisa avaliação desses impactos, causados pelos 10 milhões de hectares de pastagens em renovação anualmente, não é conhecida havendo grande carência de conhecimentos científicos para sugerir uma solução adequada. Este é, provavelmente, o grande desafio da conservação do solo no Brasil e necessitará, para adequada resolução, de um esforço conjunto de pesquisadores, técnicos, educadores e extensionistas.

Although mainly used for other purposes, and historically mainly established at the expense of tropical forests, oil palm can be the most land efficient feedstock for biodiesel. Large parts of Brazil are suitable for oil palm cultivation and a series of policy initiatives have recently been launched to promote oil palm production. These initiatives are however highly debated both in the parliament and in academia. Here we present results of a high resolution modelling study of opportunities and risks associated with oil palm production for biodiesel in Brazil, under different energy, policy, and infrastructure scenarios. Oil palm was found to be profitable on extensive areas, including areas under native vegetation where establishment would cause large land use change (LUC) emissions. However, some 40-60 Mha could support profitable biodiesel production corresponding to approximately 10% of the global diesel demand, without causing direct LUC emissions or impinging on protected areas. Pricing of LUC emissions could make oil palm production unprofitable on most lands where conversion would impact on native ecosystems and carbon stocks, if the carbon price is at the level $125/tC, or higher.

O artigo reúne informações e análises que pretendem demonstrar a importância do Código Florestal para a conservação das importantes reservas de áreas preservadas que ainda temos no Brasil, bem como a necessidade e os caminhos para sua revisão, visando alcançar o possível e plausível equilíbrio entre o respeito à natureza e o desenvolvimento agrícola.

Pastures are normally associated with minor erosion problems because of their efficient soil cover. Soil cover is without doubt the most effective inter-rill and rill erosion control practice. However, considering the frequency at which pastures are replanted in Brazil and their enormous territorial extension (178 million hectares) we identify that extensive areas, usually covered by pastures, will remain bare, intensively tilled, and without complementary mechanical soil control practices. The pasture area is equivalent to that occupied by most important Brazilian annual crops (corn or soybeans), that are usually cultivated under no-tillage or supported by governmental soil conservation programs. The precise assessment of these impacts, caused by the estimated 10 million hectares of the yearly replanted pastures is unknown, and there is lack of scientific knowledge to suggest an adequate solution. This is, probably, the greatest challenge of Brazilian soil conservation and for an adequate resolution, will require a joint effort of researchers, technicians, educators and stakeholders. ; As pastagens normalmente são associadas a menores problemas causados pela erosão devido ao fato de serem eficientes coberturas do solo, controlando bem as erosões em sulco e entre- sulcos. Mas, considerando a freqüência da renovação das pastagens cultivadas no Brasil e sua grande extensão territorial (178 milhões de hectares) é possível identificar que áreas expressivas, usualmente cobertas por pastagens, permanecerão descobertas e serão intensivamente preparadas sem nenhuma prática complementar de controle da erosão. Esta área equivale ao mesmo montante da área ocupada pelas principais culturas anuais (soja e milho) que são normalmente cultivadas em plantio direto ou suportadas por programas governamentais de conservação. A precisa avaliação desses impactos, causados pelos 10 milhões de hectares de pastagens em renovação anualmente, não é conhecida havendo grande carência de conhecimentos científicos para sugerir uma solução adequada. Este é, provavelmente, o grande desafio da conservação do solo no Brasil e necessitará, para adequada resolução, de um esforço conjunto de pesquisadores, técnicos, educadores e extensionistas.

Sustainable feedstock supply is a critical issue for the bioenergy sector. One concern is that feedstock production will impact biodiversity. We analyze how this concern is addressed in assessments of biomass supply potentials and in selected governance systems in the EU and Brazil, including the EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED), the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), and the Brazilian Forest Act. The analysis focuses on grasslands and includes estimates of the amount of grassland area (and corresponding biomass production volume) that would be excluded from cultivation in specific biodiversity protection scenarios. The reviewed assessments used a variety of approaches to identify and exclude biodiverse grasslands as unavailable for bioenergy. Because exclusion was integrated with other nature protection considerations, quantification of excluded grassland areas was often not possible. The RED complements and strengthens the CAP in terms of biodiversity protection. Following the RED, an estimated 39%-48% (about 9-11 Mha) and 15%-54% (about 10-38 Mha) of natural and non-natural grassland, respectively, may be considered highly biodiverse in EU-28. The estimated biomass production potential on these areas corresponds to some 1-3 and 1.5-10 EJ/year for natural and non-natural grassland, respectively (depending on area availability and management intensity). However, the RED lacks clear definitions and guidance, creating uncertainty about its influence on grassland availability for bioenergy feedstock production. For Brazil, an estimated 16%-77% (about 16-76 Mha) and 1%-32% (about 7-24 Mha) of natural and non-natural grassland, respectively, may be considered highly biodiverse. In Brazil, ecological-economic zoning was found potentially important for grassland protection. Further clarification of grassland definitions and delineation in regulations will facilitate a better understanding of the prospects for bioenergy feedstock production on grasslands, and the impacts of bioenergy deployment on biodiversity. ; QC 20190811