Suchergebnisse

The chapter explores the trajectories of the evolution of political science (PS) in four former Soviet Socialist Republics (Estonia and Lithuania, the Republics of Moldova and Belarus) after the USSR collapse. Departing from the premise that PS is appreciated as the science of democracy, the authors claim that its identity and autonomy are particularly important. Research shows that PS in these countries started from the same impoverished basis ("scientific communism"), but it soon took diverse trajectories and currently faces specific challenges. Democracy, pro-Western geopolitical settings and the shorter period of Sovietization contributed to the faster and more sustainable development of PS in two Baltic States. However, in Estonia, political developments have led to the retrenchment of PS and to downsize of universities' departments and study programmes. In Lithuania, political scientists are very visible in the public sphere. In Moldova, its uncertain geopolitical orientation and a series of internal political conflicts have led to the weak identity of PS and questionable prospects for its further institutionalization. In authoritarian Belarus, PS as an academic discipline exists within a hostile political environment and under a hierarchical system of governance offering practically no degree of academic freedom ; Generolo Jono Žemaičio karo akademija ; Mykolo Romerio universitetas ; Politikos mokslų ir diplomatijos fakult. ; Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas

The term human security arose mainly from the need to change the concept of security by emphasizing the special role of a person in the process of ensuring it. Another main reason in the process of emerging and substantiating the concept of human security was the need to find viable solutions to the current global crisis and the crisis of protecting and promoting human rights, initiating a change in security as a fundamental element in the relationship between the individual, society and nature. From a practical point of view, human security contributes to solving a problem of major global importance: determining the prospects for the international system and human civilization as a whole to counter the negative consequences of the global crisis associated with new needs in the field of human rights. In the Republic of Moldova, security issues, in addition to the other roles and functions they play in the political sphere, are becoming more and more acceptable ways and means of influencing the process of making strategic political decisions.

Global security, as a concept, has developed on the basis of international legislation on the national security of states, but also on international humanitarian law, which focus on the protection of global harmony and sustainable development. The national and international political system, in the phase of overcoming crises, in correlation with the challenges and threats to global security, acquires new valences and functions, given that international bodies, supported by national state structures, are forced to face the intensification of evolution. alignment of the world balance. As current threats of a global nature, but manifested locally and in connection with the national security of the Republic of Moldova were identified as: poverty, economic underdevelopment and energy dependence, transnistrian conflict, tensions in the area and foreign military presence, external coercion, the criminogenic factor, corruption, the demographic problem and the exacerbation of the migration phenomenon, population health, natural disasters, environmental pollution, technogenic accidents, information insecurity, instability of the financial-banking system.

The process of re-evaluating the extent of military threats in the context of ensuring international security was determined by the end of the Cold War. In this context, the perception of security was attributed to the general assessment of the possible security threats and risks. Based on this fact, the security of the person, of the human individual, was conceived as a fundamental element of the security system construction, including the subsystem of the national security assurance. Therefore, the security phenomenon has been reinvented, reevaluated and realized in the context of new realities, so that the importance of state security has diminished, being replaced by the concerns about new risks, dangers and threats related to climate change, social processes, degradation of ecology and environment, etc. As a result, an increase of in the importance of the non-military security dimensions has been generated. Human security, as a new constructivist conception in security studies, has led to the emergence of new perspectives on security as a global social phenomenon, being a conception produced by the critical approach to neorealism. Human security involves ensuring the protection of individuals taken individually, but also as a social whole. This is possible by ensuring the living conditions and fundamental needs of the human person. Individual safety is based on strategic benchmarks that highlight the purpose of educating, training and developing the fundamental qualities and virtues of the person, in order to prepare him to face the risks and threats related to security. Namely, these benchmarks are the basis for strengthening the mechanisms for ensuring human security at the beginning of the XXI century. The article analyzes the process of ensuring human security in the conditions of globalization, highlighting the ways to achieve global changes in security, the investigations being directed mainly to highlight the current processes of reconfiguring positions and resizing democratization in the context of improving mechanisms that ensure the security of the human person and of humanity as a whole.

Procesul de reevaluare a amplorii amenințărilor militare în contextul asigurării securității internaționale a fost determinat de sfârșitul Războiului Rece. În acest context, percepția problematicii securității a fost generată de evaluarea generală a posibilelor amenințări și riscuri de securitate. Pe baza acestui fapt, securitatea persoanei, a individului uman, a fost concepută ca un element fundamental al construcției sistemului securității, inclusiv subsistemul său de asigurare a securității naționale. Prin urmare, fenomenul securității a fost reinventat, reevaluat și conștientizat în contextul noilor realități, astfel încât importanța securității statului a scăzut, fiind înlocuită de preocupările pentru noile riscuri, pericole și amenințări cum ar cele ce țin de schimbările climatice, de procesele sociale, degradarea ecologiei și stării mediului etc. Ca urmare, a fost generată o creștere a importanței dimensiunilor non-militare ale securității. Securitatea umană, ca o nouă concepție constructivistă în studiile de securitate, a condus la apariția de noi perspective asupra securității ca fenomen social global, fiind o concepție produsă de abordarea critică asupra neorealismului. Securitatea umană implică asigurarea protecției persoanelor luate individual, dar și ca un tot întreg social. Acest lucru este posibil prin asigurarea condițiilor de viață, a nevoilor fundamentale ale persoanei umane. Siguranța individuală se bazează pe repere strategice care evidențiază scopul educării, instruirii și dezvoltării calităților și virtuților fundamentale ale persoanei, pentru a o pregăti să facă față riscurilor și amenințărilor imediate ce țin de securitate. Anume aceste repere reprezintă un fundament pentru fortificarea mecanismelor de asigurare a securității umane la începutul secolului XXI. În articol se analizează procesul de asigurare a securității umane în condițiile globalizării, subliniind modalitățile de realizare a transformărilor globale în domeniul securității, investigațiile fiind direcționate în principal pentru a scoate la lumină procesele actuale de reconfigurare a pozițiilor și redimensionare a democratizării în contextul perfecționării mecanismelor care asigură securitatea persoanei umane și a umanității în ansamblu.