Women farmers and commercial ventures: increasing food security in developing countries
In: Directions in applied anthropology
In: Adaptations and innovations
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In: Directions in applied anthropology
In: Adaptations and innovations
World Affairs Online
Informal and formal can be seen as «dual economies» of African countries. Governments oTen concern themselves with the formal, while development agencies oTen support the informal. This paper discusses the full landscape of entrepreneurship, considering both sectors, and the range from small to large within each. It queries whether or not there can be movement within and between sectors, and if the «rages to riches» upward movement, as seen in developed countries, is possible in developing ones. The range of women in traditional micro enterprises to the emerging new generation of African women owners of large ‑scale companies are discussed in particular, but the research applies to both men and women. A paradigm of the entrepreneurial landscape will be presented with variables that consider demographics; types of typical enterprises and firms; product sourcing and markets; start ‑up capital; and movement within and between the sectors. Some conclusions are that the informal ‑formal distinction has been useful to disentangle the landscape, but movement between may not be substantial other than minor taxation for sites and services because of the entry requirements of capital, education, business networks, etc. Similarly, within the formal sector of small to medium to large businesses, there is some movement but they too are limited by access to capital, networks, market intelligence and niches, and product innovation. Nevertheless, there is a growing cadre of women at the top who both confound researchers/donors and provide role models for success within their societies. ; O informal e o formal podem ser vistos como «economias duais» dos países africanos. Os governos normalmente ocupam ‑se do formal enquanto as agências de desenvolvimento apoiam frequentemente o informal. Neste texto discute ‑se o panorama abrangente do empreendorismo, tendo em consideração ambos os sectores e as dimensões – de maiores a menores – das actividades que estes comportam. Questiona ‑se a possibilidade de existir mobilidade dentro e entre os sectores e se a mobilidade ascendente – «de muito pobre a rico» – que se verifica nos países desenvolvidos é possível nos países em desenvolvimento. Discute ‑se em particular um conjunto abrangente, desde as mulheres em micro ‑empresas tradicionais às novas gerações de mulheres africanas proprietárias de grandes empresas, embora a pesquisa se aplique quer a homens quer a mulheres. Apresenta ‑se um paradigma do panorama empresarial, com variáveis que têm em conta a demografia, os tipos de empresas e estabelecimentos típicos, o acesso aos produtos e aos mercados, o capital inicial e a mobilidade dentro e entre sectores. Algumas das conclusões são que a distinção informal ‑formal tem sido útil para compreender o panorama mas que o movimento entre um e outro sector pode não ser substancialmente positivo, excepto em termos de redução das taxas sobre estabelecimentos e serviços devido às exigências no que diz respeito ao capital, à educação, redes de negócio, etc. Da mesma forma, no sector formal e desde as pequenas às médias e grandes empresas, existe alguma mobilidade que, contudo, é igualmente limitada devido ao acesso ao capital, às redes, ao conhecimento do mercado e dos seus nichos, às inovações. Apesar disso, existe um conjunto crescente de mulheres no topo, o que intriga os investigadores e os doadores ao mesmo tempo que servem de modelos de sucesso nas suas sociedades.
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In: American anthropologist: AA, Band 90, Heft 1, S. 182-182
ISSN: 1548-1433
In: Anthropological quarterly: AQ, Band 53, Heft 2, S. 130
ISSN: 1534-1518
In: American anthropologist: AA, Band 80, Heft 3, S. 704-705
ISSN: 1548-1433
World Affairs Online
In: Springer eBook Collection
1. Introduction -- 1. Chaotic Female Sexuality -- 2. Positive Female Images -- 3. Women in Ritual and Symbolic Roles -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- I Women and Divinity -- 2. The Bride of Christ Is Filled with His Spirit -- 3. Célibes, Mothers, and Church Cockroaches: Religious Participation of Women in a Mexican Village -- 4. To Honor Her Head: Hats as a Symbol of Women's Position in Three Evangelical Churches in Edinburgh, Scotland -- 5. Coming of Age in Kelton: The Constraints on Gender Symbolism in Jewish Ritual -- 6. The Misery of the Embodied: Representations of Women in Sinhalese Myth -- II Dual Aspects of Women: Archetypic Nurturance -- 7. Careers of Midwives in a Mayan Community -- 8. Southern Lay Midwives as Ritual Specialists -- 9. Epidemiology of Spirit Possession among the Luvale of Zambia -- 10. Convivial Sisterhood: Spirit Mediumship and Client-Core Network among Black South African Women -- 11. Bobbes and Zeydes: Old and New Roles for Elderly Jews -- III Dual Aspects of Women: Archetypic Destruction -- 12. Radical Yoruba Female Sexuality: The Witch and the Prostitute -- 13. Jive Dope Fiend Whoes: In the Street and in Rehabilitation.
In: Third world planning review: TWPR, Band 21, Heft 1
ISSN: 0142-7849
In: African affairs: the journal of the Royal African Society, Band 97, Heft 389, S. 581-582
ISSN: 0001-9909
World Affairs Online