The article highlights the linguistic phenomenon of abandoning the expletively presented syntactic subject (the Null Subject Phenomenon) in different languages and focuses on its exemplification by the Russian language. It is shown that despite the existing number of studies on this issue, there is lack of precisely formulated criteria that determine the choice of linguistic means to represent a syntactic subject in the languages, which allow both options (partial null subject languages). Based on the discussion of literature on the topic and on the statistical analysis of 16,718 sentence samples from the spoken language, print journalism, and fiction subcorpora of the Russian National Corpus, the article argues that the choice between null and overt subjects in Russian sentences depends on factors such as tense, person, and style, but that this dependency is rather weak, owing to the fact that the Russian language system is now in the process of change. Null-subjectness is not an exclusive syntactic parameter and should be studied along with other aspects like semantics and pragmatics. The statistical data from this study support previously discussed diachronic and acquisition data, and confirm that languages do not nicely distribute themselves into distinct groups, but inhabit a constantly changing continuum.
The phenomenon of the leadership in the network space is becoming the subject of modern Russian and foreign studies. At the same time, the phenomenon has not been determined. The article describes the communication structure of network leadership between the concepts of network leadership, blogger, and influencer, as well as the basis for the future empirical research.
The article provides an analysis of measures designed to counter anti-Russian sanctions. Countering sanctions is considered in the context of ensuring economic security. The article reveals decision making in the field of countering economic sanctions. It identifies the main directions of measures introduced to help the economy to adjust to the restrictions and to counter the threats posed by the new sanctions. Ensuring economic security in the context of sanctions is carried out at two levels: national and subnational. The framework and main directions of the respective policy are determined at the national level. The president of Russia determines the guidelines of the internal and foreign policies of the state, issues decrees and orders defining the particularities of a policy. The Government and the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation implement policies determined by the president and generally influence economic security of the country. Thus, when the new sanctions were imposed, the president issued several orders designed to support certain sectors of the economy and strengthen the economic sovereignty and also defined new priorities for foreign economic cooperation – The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Asia, Africa and Latin America. At the subnational level, regional authorities determine more specific policies within the framework formed at the national level. The common directions of measures designed to counter the sanctions at the regional level were the following: import substitution, stimulation of export activity, formation of new logistics chains, enhancement of cooperation between Russian regions, development of some other directions for foreign trade, formation of a more attractive investment climate. However, the set of tools and resources regional authorities used more actively in the context of countering the new sanctions differs from region to region.
Introduction. The article is focused on analyzing the aesthetic aspect of A. Kojève's philosophy, the ability of his philosophy, from an aesthetic point of view, to clarify a number of key problems of the modern political and cultural environment. The purpose of the study is to determine the epistemological attitude of A. Kojève's philosophy able to clarify the way in which his philosophy problematizes the current cultural and political reality. Methods. Hermeneutics, comparative analysis and deconstruction are used as research methods. Comparative analysis allows us to demarcate A. Kojève's own line of reasoning, in the context of aesthetic and epistemological theories, as well as Hegelian themes themselves. Hermeneutics is the central method in the work, since the philosophy of A. Kojeve requires interpretation as an aesthetic theory. Deconstruction, formalized to the status of a method according to P. de Man, allows us to detect inconsistencies, the principle of mutual problematization of Kojeve's philosophy and the current political and epistemological agenda. Scientific novelty of the research. The standard way of interpreting the work of A. Kojève is to evaluate him as an interpreter of G. Hegel. The author analyzes some meaning of A. Kojève's philosophy, separate from G. Hegel's explanation of the text. The novelty lies not only in the fact that A. Kojève's philosophy is defined as theorizing that goes beyond technical hermeneutics (clear presentation), but also as a specific representation of such theorizing as epistemological aesthetic theory. The latter is a rather rare interpretation of the philosophy of A. Kojeve. This allows us to expand the traditional assumption that post-Hegelian epistemesthetics is the property of an extremely limited number of authors (for example, B. Croce). Moreover, such an interpretation of A. Kojève's theories is a new element in the emerging trend of considering political issues within the framework of epistemological aesthetics. Results. The specific mode of interpreting G. Hegel, which is carried out by A. Kojève, turns the philosophy of the former into a unique aesthetic project. In this project, the category of aesthetic experience comes to the foreground, indicating the empty, formal nature of any discourse. In this regard, any claim to knowledge of reality, to a correct idea of the subject is replaced by the idea of creating the subject of discourse. Consistent treatment of this idea is symptomatic of the philosophy of A. Kojève. This philosophy is a reflection of those historical changes that gave rise to the culture of "aesthetic rationality": empty and formal. In A. Kojève's philosophy, one can see how such a culture of the End of History is, contrary to Hegelian ideas, not the era of the struggle decline, but the era of its strange transformation, a symptom of increasing political violence. Conclusions. A. Kojève's philosophy is considered not as a utopian political project, but as a problematization of the modern cultural and political sphere. The latter is understood as an indication of the inconsistency of ontological discourses of Truth, the discovery in the very essence of discursive practices of an empty, formal principle, and therefore primarily of interest to aesthetics. The modern era of the End of History and the end of the era of persuasive speech gives an idea of the main political paradox (at least for the philosophy of A. Kojève, and at most for the modern political environment). The era of disappointment in discourse should become an era of refusal to fight for discourses, but it becomes an era of maximizing violence, since it is in a situation of disappointment that discourses can only be supported by force. We move from unconvincing speech to convincing violence, but it is possible to understand the origins and specifics of this transition only by considering A. Kojève's philosophy in the light of such a discipline as aesthetics.
The article reveals relevant information about the constitutional reforms in the CIS member states, which took place in 2020–2023 and affected the legal foundations of local self-government models implemented in the states of the association. Based on the analysis of changes in the constitutional and sectoral legislation on local governance and self-governance of the designated countries, the author draws conclusions regarding the compliance of reforms and their results with international legal standards and principles of local self-governance organization, including recommendations of the CIS bodies. In most of the unification countries, the implementation of local self-governance reform based on constitutional and legal norms was aimed at pre-serving the existing subordinate position of municipalities to the state administration. As an example of reverse tendencies, it is worth considering the constitutional-legal reform and the reform of local self-government in Turkmenistan, as a result of which a system of local self-government bodies was established in the country, which corresponds to both national-cultural traditions and international legal principles of local self-government.
This article explores the modern status, structure, and dynamics of corruption crime within the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations (EMERCOM). According to the results of the study for 2021–2023, there is a decrease in the number of corruption crimes detected by law enforcement agencies in the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations. Corruption crimes within the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia do not exhibit the sophistication typically associated with organized criminal activities. Rather, they often involve opportunistic behavior by officials entrusted with control and supervisory functions within the EMERCOM. One of the primary challenges in addressing corruption within EMERCOM is the high latency of such offenses. The study concludes that corruption-related offenses within the Ministry exhibit high latency, rendering them challenging to detect and prosecute due to a dearth of explicit evidence or corroborating testimony. Statistical analysis and research results reveal bribery as the most prevalent crime perpetrated by EMERCOM personnel in this domain.
The article presents an innovative concept of a comparative dictionary that allows to reflect the objective analysis of the similar and different aspects in axiologically oriented paremiological systems of the East Slavic languages. Comprehensive collected dictionaries that include tens of thousands of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian proverbs, found in handwritten and printed collections of the last four centuries, have been used for this research. The expediency of including not only paroemias denotatively correlated with basic universal values, but also other proverbs associated with the category of evaluation in the object of the dictionary linguo-axiological description is justified. Based on the material of one of these axiological dyads – fast / slow – the features of structuring the thematic headings of the axiological comparative dictionary of East Slavic proverbs are shown. The system of parameterization of the material based on the results of its structural-semantic, historical-etymological and comparative linguo-axiological analysis is viewed through the example of macro-entries. Based on the material of the considered paroemias, it was found out that the national distinguishing characteristic of East Slavic paroemias consists not in their axiological content but in the form of its expression. The prospects of using the proposed model of the dictionary description of paroemias and phraseological units in the practice of axiological lexicography are emphasized.
