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AbstractExpressive flexibility is the ability to express or suppress one's emotions to meet the demands of the situation. Recent work suggests that expressive flexibility is associated with better adjustment. However, few studies have focused on expressive flexibility in children. In addition, there is a dearth of research on possible correlates, such as culture, parental emotion socialization, and socioeconomic status, that may be associated with expressive flexibility competencies in children. The purpose of this study was to investigate cultural differences in children's expressive flexibility, maternal emotion control values (ECVs), and their relations to family socioeconomic status (SES) during middle childhood in a sample of European American (N = 31, M age = 9.61 years; 54.8% males), Korean American (N = 38, M age = 9.16 years; 55.3% males) and South Korean children (N = 77, M age = 9.74 years; 51.9% males). Mothers reported on demographics and their emotion control values. Children's expressive flexibility ability was assessed using a lab‐based observational measure. Multivariate analyses of covariance controlling for SES, child age, and gender suggested significant cultural differences in expressive flexibility, with the U.S. children (both European and Korean Americans) scoring higher on expressive flexibility compared to their South Korean counterparts. Results also suggested significant cultural differences regarding maternal ECVs; Korean Americans were more similar to South Koreans, both scoring higher on ECVs than European Americans. Socioeconomic status, but not maternal ECVs, were associated with children's expressive flexibility, independent of child age, sex, and culture.

This study examined in a cross-cultural context the prospective relation between children's emotion knowledge and internalizing problems. European American ( N = 33) and immigrant Chinese children ( N = 22) and their mothers participated. Children's emotion knowledge was assessed at three-and-a-half years of age using a task to elicit their understanding of situational antecedents of discrete emotions. Mothers reported on children's internalizing problems using the Behavior Assessment System Children (BASC) when children were seven years of age. The relation of children's emotion knowledge to internalizing problems was moderated by culture. Whereas early emotion knowledge was associated with decreased internalizing problems later on for European American children, it was associated with increased internalizing problems for immigrant Chinese children. The findings shed critical light on the different functional meanings of emotion knowledge across cultures.

AbstractThe current study investigated relations among maternal emotion socialization, children's facial emotion recognition (FER), and children's behavioral problems. A sample of 118 preschoolers (Mage = 41.96 months) and their mothers participated. Mothers reported their reactions to children's negative emotions and rated children's internalizing and externalizing problems by completing the Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale and Child Behavior Checklist, respectively. Children's FER was assessed with a task that involved matching emotion labels to facial expressions. Results revealed that FER moderated the association between minimizing/punitive maternal reactions and children's externalizing problems. Minimizing/punitive maternal reactions were found to positively correlate with externalizing problems in children with lower levels of FER, but not among children with high levels of FER. Exploratory analyses with child gender also suggested that the moderating effect of FER in the relation between minimizing/punitive maternal reactions and children's internalizing problems applied only to boys, not to girls. The results highlight the importance of children's FER and gender, in addition to maternal reactions to expressed emotion, in shaping their socioemotional adjustment.

Using a longitudinal design, we examined changes in parent and peer attachment among college students, and their predictive and protective roles in relation to mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. College students ( N = 106) rated their parent and peer attachment, and self-reported anxiety, loneliness, and depressive symptoms 1 year before and during the pandemic. Participants also rated the impact of COVID-19 related stressors (CRS). Results demonstrate significant increases in loneliness and depression and a decrease in peer attachment security during the pandemic. Increases in peer attachment security were negatively correlated with loneliness during the pandemic. Parent attachment buffered the relationship between the impact of CRS and mental health problems during the pandemic. Guided by the integrated framework from attachment theory and life course theory, the current study discussed findings and practices regarding the important role of attachment for college students and their adjustment to the pandemic.

Foreword -- Review Board Page -- Introduction; Stacey N. J. Blackman, Dennis. A. Conard and Launcelot I. Brown -- Section 1: Globalized Views of Inclusion in the Caribbean: Implications for Education Policy & School Organization -- 1. Evolution of Educational Inclusion Policy Discourse in Jamaica: From Colonialism to Globalization; Nigel Brissett -- 2. The Implications of Selective Secondary Education for Inclusive Education in Barbados; Marcia Pilgrim & Garry Hornby -- 3. Quantitative Research Methods and Design for Investigating Inclusive Education in the Caribbean; Chelseaia Charran, Audrey M. Sorrells & North Cooc -- Section 2: Critical Debate on Education Exclusion and Overcoming Barriers to Participation in School -- 4. The Case of Educational Exclusion of Children in the Eastern Caribbean; Verna Knight -- 5. The Marginalization of Poor Children in the Education System of Trinidad and Tobago: Insights From International Large-Scale Assessments and a Local Study; Jerome De Lisle -- 6. Black Mixed-Race Men and the Black Monster: Challenging the Axiom of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies; Remi Joseph-Salisbury -- 7. Addressing Antisocial Behavior and Violence as Barriers to Learning: Lessons from Jamaica's Change From Within Program; Therese Ferguson -- 8. Preparing Students for the 21st Century Through Family Engagement in Postsecondary and Workforce Readiness; Kayon Morgan -- Section 3: Decolonizing Pedagogy, Curriculum and Teacher Preparation in the Caribbean -- 9. Resetting the Instructional Culture: Constructivist Pedagogy for Learner Empowerment in the Postcolonial Context of the Caribbean; Erold Bailey -- 10. Fostering Critical Colonial Consciousness Through Queer Pedagogy; Keitha-Gail Martin-Kerr -- 11. Integrating Student Voices to Promote Inclusive Curricular Practices in Post-Colonial Education Systems in the Anglophone Caribbean; Roland Birbal and Iris Bradshaw-Hewitt -- 12. Inclusion, Critical Professionalism, and Transformative Practice; Lisa Ibrahim-Joseph & Jennifer Lavia -- Section 4: Leadership for Inclusive Education: Selected Studies from the Caribbean and USA -- 13. A North–South Dialogue on Principals' Understanding of Advocacy for and Barriers Faced Achieving Inclusive Education; Stacey N.J. Blackman, Dennis A. Conrad, Ken Williams, & Theresa Abodeeb-Gentile -- 14. Recollections, Perspectives, and Recommendations of an Educator and a Gentleman In Memory of Ewart 'Werty' Taylor; Dennis A. Conrad and Launcelot I. Brown -- Conclusion: Achieving Inclusive Education: Where to Next?; Stacey N. J. Blackman, Dennis A. Conrad, and Launcelot I. Brown

This study examined the relations between maternal reactions to children's negative emotions and children's socio-emotional outcomes, including psychological adjustment, emotion knowledge, and coping strategies. European American and Chinese immigrant mothers reported on their reactions to children's ( N = 117, M = 7.14 years) negative emotions and on children's psychological adjustment. One year later, children were interviewed for emotion knowledge and mothers reported on children's use of coping strategies. Mothers from the two cultural groups reported the same level of supportive reactions to their children's negative emotions, whereas Chinese immigrant mothers more often adopted what are commonly considered to be non-supportive strategies than did European American mothers. Whereas supportive maternal reactions were associated with better child outcomes in both cultures, maternal non-supportive reactions were negatively associated with children's functioning for European American children but not for Chinese immigrant children. The findings shed critical light on the functional meaning of parenting practices in specific cultural contexts in shaping developmental outcomes.

AbstractParenting strategies involving psychological control are associated with increased adjustment problems in children. However, no research has examined the extent to which culture and psychological control predict children's stress physiology. We examine cultural differences in maternal psychological control and its associations with children's cortisol. Chinese (N = 59) and American (N = 45) mother‐child dyads participated in the study. Mothers reported on psychological control. Children's cortisol was collected during a stressor and two indices of Area Under the Curve (AUC) were computed: AUCg which accounts for total output, and AUCi, which captures reactivity. Results indicate that Chinese mothers reported higher levels of psychological control and Chinese children had higher levels of AUCg than their American counterparts. Across both cultures, psychological control was significantly associated with increased cortisol levels as indexed by AUCg. There were no associations for AUCi. Finally, mediation analyses demonstrated that psychological control fully explained cultural differences in children's cortisol stress response as indexed by AUCg.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on emerging adults is of global concern. We examine changes in depressive symptoms, physical symptoms, and sleep-wake problems from before to during the pandemic among college students and examine inequalities by gender, socioeconomic status (SES), and race ( N = 263, 52% Black, 48% White, and 53% female). As compared to pre-pandemic levels, increases were evident in depressive symptoms, physical symptoms, and sleep problems. Females had greater increases than males in depressive symptoms, sleep problems, and physical symptoms. Students from disadvantaged SES backgrounds had greater increases in physical symptoms. Among White students, those from disadvantaged backgrounds also had greater increases in sleep problems. Last, daytime sleepiness increased more among Black male than White male students. Overall, findings suggest notable shifts in sleep and health during the early phase of the pandemic among emerging adults, and that attention to inequality by gender, SES, and race is warranted.

Abstract
Objective
Belonging is often considered a buffer against the physical and emotional consequences of discrimination and racial climate stress Youth Soc. 48(5):649–72, 2016. However, recent research suggests that feelings of belonging toward an institution can be detrimental when an individual feels discriminated against by the same institution to which one feels a sense of connection J Behav Med. 44(4):571–8, 2021. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the moderating role of institutional belonging in the relationship between racial climate stress and health, as indexed by allostatic load (AL), a multi-system indicator of physiological dysregulation.

Methods
In a sample of Black and White college students (N = 150; White = 82; Black = 68), self-reported racial climate stress, institutional belonging, and various demographic variables were collected. An AL composite was also collected, comprised of six biological measures of the SAM system, HPA axis, cardiovascular system, and metabolic system. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to explore the relationships between these variables.

Results
Results demonstrated no main effect of racial climate stress on AL but did show a significant interaction between racial climate stress and belonging, such that the positive relationship between racial climate stress and AL was significant only for those who also felt high levels of institutional belonging (βint = .05, p = .006, 95% CI = 0.01 – 0.08).

Conclusions
Feeling a sense of belonging may have negative physiological consequences for those who experience racial climate stress in a college setting.