Search results

Intro -- Titel -- Impressum -- Inhalt -- 1. Einleitung -- 2. Der erste Eindruck von China -- 3. Peking University HSBC Business School -- Im Vienna Hotel -- 4. Chinas Geschichte -- Erniedrigung durch die Kolonialmächte -- Der chinesische Bürgerkrieg -- Deng Xiaoping öffnet China der Welt -- Das offizielle chinesische Geschichtsbild -- Die Furcht vor den USA -- Militärische Spannungen -- Die neue Militärallianz AUKUS -- 5. Was kennzeichnet das heutige China? -- Das politische System: Diktatur einer Partei oder Demokratie im Werden? -- Der Staatsaufbau -- Das Fiskalsystem: Dominanz der lokalen Ebene -- Die Kommunistische Partei Chinas (KPC) -- Die Fünfjahrespläne -- Wie Entscheidungen in China getroffen werden -- Generalsekretär und Präsident Xi Jinping -- Ist China noch ein Entwicklungsland? -- Ist China eine Planwirtschaft oder eine Marktwirtschaft? -- 6. Vom Land in die Stadt -- Hukou: Das Haushaltsregistrierungssystem -- Landflucht -- Erfolgreiche Metropolen -- Die Ein-Kind-Politik -- Die städtische Mittelschicht -- 7. Von der Küste ins Landesinnere: Regionalpolitik in China -- 8. Von der Werkbank der Welt zum Technologie- und Innovationszentrum -- Innovationspolitik -- Internationale Patente -- Ehrgeiziges Raumfahrtprogramm -- Chinas Digitalökonomie -- Das Biotech-Unternehmen BGI - ein Weltstar in Schwierigkeiten -- Die »Made-in-China-2025-Strategie« -- 9. Chinas neues Wirtschaftsmodell und die ökologische Zivilisation -- Vom quantitativen zum qualitativen Wachstum -- Stärkung der Binnennachfrage -- Landesweiter Emissionshandel -- Radikale Energiewende -- Schutz der Natur -- Gemeinsamer Wohlstand -- Verbesserung der Arbeitsbedingungen -- Regulierung der Internet-Unternehmen -- Neuorientierung des Immobilienmarktes -- Evergrande: Probleme bei der Umorientierung -- Marktzugang für ausländische Unternehmen.

In June 1988 the Council, the European Parliament and the Commission concluded an "Interinstitutional Agreement on Budgetary Discipline and Improvement of the Budgetary Procedure". A key element of the agreement is a commitment to medium-term financial planning for the Community for the period up to 1992. Can this agreement put the Community budgetary procedure on a new footing and ensure that the decisions taken at the Brussels summit on agricultural reform and budgetary discipline can be implemented?

In a speech to the European Parliament on 18th February 1987 the Commission President Delors publicly announced the Commission's proposals for a fundamental reorganization of the system of financing the Community and of Community budgetary policy.1 What is the background of these proposals? How can they be assessed?

AbstractWe consider an empirical backtesting for the Solvency Capital Required (SCR) under Solvency II. Based on empirical facts that the Basic own Funds (BoF) can be assumed to evolve log-normally and have a much lower volatility than the corresponding equity for our test data, we make a proposal based on Earnings at Risk (EaR) that can be used to reduce the biases from overshooting SCR estimates in a prudential way.

AbstractEstablishing a standard formula (SF) for the regulation of European insurance companies is a Herculean task. It has to acknowledge very different business models and national peculiarities. In addition, regulatory authorities—as a stakeholder on their own—have a number of supervisory objectives the SF should incentivize. With the intervention of the SF in economic activities, the principle of equal treatment must be maintained. The large circle of users makes its procedural simplicity indispensable to ensure that it is applied and implemented in a proportionate manner. Above all, the SF should be risk-sensitive. Compared to Solvency I, the SF of Solvency II is considered a significant improvement, as many of the aforementioned desiderata have been much better realized. The following analysis and survey of model-theoretical aspects of the SF shows that these improvements could be achieved above all with regard to epistemic uncertainties. The stochastic model underneath the SF is still subject to considerable uncertainties; so that the probability functional of the SF is exposed to significant model risk. As part of the Own Risk and Solvency Assessment (ORSA), insurance companies must prove the adequacy of the SF for their company. The vague prior knowledge represented by the stochastic component of the SF is not sufficient for an SF intrinsic validation of the aleatoric component.