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This paper discusses the nature of entrepreneurship and its relation to innovation along a cycle in which exploration and exploration follow upon each other. We place the roles of entrepreneurship in innovation policy within this cycle of innovation. Different types of innovation along the cycle of innovation are realized with different forms of entrepreneurship, which are constrained or enabled by different legal institutions. One of the key roles of governments is to design, change or destruct institutions in order to improve societal welfare. The question is what governments should do in the context of innovation policy. Here, social scientists can make a contribution by providing insight into what entrepreneurship and innovation is (theories about these phenomena), and how institutions affect them in reality (empirical evidence about their effects). This requires social scientists to be engaged scholars and to provide new policy options as an honest broker between the academic world and the policy world. The key question of this paper is: How can policy best enable innovation based entrepreneurship? The answer is derived from looking at both theoretical tenets and empirical evidence using an institutional design perspective, which aims at providing arguments for the design, change and/or destruction of institutions, given the goals of the governments. We provide an overview of some (empirically tests of) institutions that enable or restrain particular types of entrepreneurship. Examples of these institutions are intellectual property rights and the Small Business Innovation Research program, employment protection, and non-compete covenants.

Itoba Tombo EF, Thomas A & Stam E. The effects of human activities on water quality of the Bottelary River, Cape Town, South Africa, JICSTDA: A Joint International Conference on Science and Technology for Development in Africa, Cape Town, 26-28 June 2012 ; Freshwater scarcity and river pollution has become a serious challenge for governments and scientists. Worldwide, governments have a responsibility to provide their populations with clean water for their domestic needs. Scientists have an enormous task to find a way to purify polluted water, because of its vital role in human lives and an increasing demand for water consumption due to population growth. Although the water from the Bottelary River is used on a daily basis for farming activities, its pollution level as well as spatial distribution of effluents in the catchment is unknown. In the present study, monthly water samples from six sampling points were taken for laboratory analysis. The laboratory determined concentrations of phosphorous, chloride, nitrate, and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), as well as the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids. While, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and temperature were measured in-situ using a multi-parameter reader. The results were then compared with the South African Water Quality Guidelines for Aquatic Ecosystems and for irrigation (DWAF, 1996a,1996c). The findings of the study revealed that the concentration levels of some compounds are below the Target Water Quality Range (TWQR) set by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c) while, the concentrations of chloride, total nitrogen and water quality variables such as electrical conductivity, suspended solids, are higher than the TWQR (DWAF, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c). Based on the above findings water of the Bottelary River can have negative effects on the environment and human lives because of the level of these compounds. It was therefore recommended that environmentally friendly measures and practices must be undertaken in order to decrease the pollution and avoid further pollution of the river.

Political Science; ICT - De implementatie van het handelssysteem heeft tot een geheel nieuwe markt geleid, en heeft bij veel bedrijven de CO2 uitstoot tot een belangrijk punt van overweging gemaakt. Het verminderen van de uitstoot is nog een onvervulde belofte. De implementatie van het Europese handelssysteem voor CO2-emissierechten laat zien dat de totstandkoming van een effectieve en efficiënte markt veel inspanningen vereist, door zowel publieke als private actoren. Bovendien zijn de effecten van deze markt bijna niet te voorspellen. Dit vraagt om voortdurende monitoring en interventies om publieke belangen te blijven dienen. De serie WRR-webpublicaties omvat studies die in het kader van de werkzaamheden van de WRR tot stand zijn gekomen. De verantwoordelijkheid voor de inhoud en de ingenomen standpunten berust bij de auteurs.